Meet BHGE, a fullstream oil and gas company inventing smarter ways to bring energy to the world and taking on your hardest oil and gas challenges.
General Electric (GE) today opened the doors to its first new global R&D center in more than a decade, with a facility in Rio de Janeiro that eventually could employ 400 people. John Rice, vice chairman of GE and CEO of its global growth and operations division, was in Brazil for the launch, and took some time to speak via phone with Fortune.
What follows is an edited transcript of our conversation:
FORTUNE: Why is GE opening such a large R&D facility in Rio de Janeiro?
RICE: Brazil and Latin America have been great markets for us for a long time. So when you do something like this, itâs really about the quality of the people we can find to work there. You can open a center but if you canât hire great people, it self-selects to something not very significant. Thereâs also the fact that here we have some very progressive participants in the world of oil and gas, including Petrobras, who are really pushing the boundries in terms of going to deeper, more complicated places. We have to learn how to support them by developing new capabilities both for them and with them.
What gives you confidence that you can find the right people in Rio?
Because we have been. This is the formal opening of the center, but we started hiring people and they began working with our customers two years ago. Phase 1 is to hire 200 people, and weâre at 160 today. Then we plan to double it up to 400.
Plus, everyone working here is plugged into our global innovation network. There is no one here who doesnât work with technologists and researchers in the U.S. or Europe or Asia or India, because thatâs just the way it is these days⦠We donât launch any new products that are developed only in one country. We might have material scientists in one place working with software engineers in another place working with systems engineers in a third place.
Is part of the reason to open this center in Brazil because it can be hard getting visas for engineers to work in your U.S. facilities?
I wouldnât say thatâs directly part of the calculus, but clearly that is a frustration for us. We certainly encourage the U.S. to relax visa restrictions so people can move around. Not just to come live in the U.S., but also to visit for a couple of months. So it wasnât a driving force, but it is a side benefit.
Will most of the Rio oil and gas R&D efforts be focused on Latin American exploration and production?
Many of them will be technologies that can be used across the broader oil and gas industry, but there are certain sets of geological formations that are pretty specific to here, called pre-salt. There is more work done around pre-salt here than in anywhere else in the world, so there will be some things specific to the local geology. But, again, most things at the center will have broader applications.
When was the last time and place you opened a global innovation center?
The last one was Munich in 2004.
Is the next one already planned?
No specific plans right now. In addition to these locations, however, weâve opened up smaller innovation centers in China and Canada and one in Japan. Itâs kind of a hub-and-spoke model. These smaller facilities that have between 50 and 200 people, and are located close to larger ones. For example, we opened a customer innovation center in Chengdu whereas we have a global research center in Shanghai. Usually the innovation centers develop a very specific product.
A number of large incumbent companies either have cut R&D, or de-emphasized it to please Wall Streetâs short-term outlook. Why is GE still making R&D a cornerstone of its business?
Because, in many respects, creating leading technology is at the foundation of what we do. For example, the next generation of jet engines needs to be 15% more efficient with fewer emissions and lighter weight. So thatâs something we need to work on developing, but we also put great emphasis on collaborations â whether it be with other companies or customers or schools â because many of the problems we are trying to solve arenât problems we can solve by ourselves. In the 21st century, a company like GE has to have these global research centers pushing the limits of material science and advanced technologies, but not without the partnerships that can make one plus one equal four.
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Top-selling light-duty plug-in electric vehicle global markets by country or region as of December 2018.[1][2]
Comparison of plug-in electric car ownership per capita in selected top selling countries and regional markets as plug-in cars per 1,000 people, as of December 2018.
Electric car use by country varies worldwide, as the adoption of plug-in electric vehicles is affected by consumer demand, market prices and government incentives. Plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) are generally divided into all-electric or battery electric vehicles (BEVs), that run only on batteries, and plug-in hybrids (PHEVs), that combine battery power with internal combustion engines. The popularity of electric vehicles has been expanding rapidly due to government subsidies, their increased range and lower battery costs, and environmental sensitivity. However, the stock of plug-in electric cars represented just about 1 out of every 250 motor vehicles on the world's roads by December 2018.[3]
Global cumulative sales of highway-legal light-duty plug-in vehicles reached 2 million units at the end of 2016,[1] 3 million in November 2017,[4] and the 5 million milestone in December 2018.[5] Sales of plug-in passenger cars achieved a 2.1% market share of new car sales in 2018, up from 1.3% in 2017, and 0.86% in 2016.[6][7][8] The PEV market is shifting towards fully electric battery vehicles. The global ratio between BEVs and PHEVs went from 56:44 in 2012, to 60:40 in 2015, and rose to 69:31 in 2018.[6][9]
As of December 2018, China had the largest stock of highway legal light-duty plug-ins with over 2 million domestically built passenger cars.[10] China also dominates in plug-in electric bus deployment, with its stock reaching 343,500 units in 2016 out of global stock of about 345,000 vehicles.[2] As of September 2018, the United States had one million plug-in cars,[11] with California as the largest U.S. plug-in regional market with 537,208 plug-in cars sold up until December 2018.[12]More than one million light-duty passenger plug-ins had been registered in Europe through June 2018,[13] with Norway as the leading country with over 296,000 units registered by the end of 2018.[14] Norway has the highest market penetrationper capita in the world,[15] and also has the world's largest plug-in segment market share of new car sales, 49.1% in 2018.[16] As of 2018, 10% of all passenger cars on Norwegian roads were plug-ins.[17]
- 10China
- 20Finland
- 38Norway
- 56United Kingdom
History[edit]
Evolution of the ratio between global sales of BEVs and PHEVs from 2011 to 2018.[6][9]
The global stock of plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) between 2005 and 2009 consisted exclusively of all-electric cars (BEV), totaling about 1,700 units in 2005, and almost 6,000 in 2009. The plug-in stock rose to about 12,500 units in 2010, of which 350 were plug-in hybrids (PHEVs).[18][19] By comparison, during the Golden Age of the electric car at the beginning of the 20th century, the EV stock peaked at approximately 30,000 vehicles.[20] After the introduction of the Nissan Leaf and the Chevrolet Volt in late December 2010, the first mass-production plug-in electric cars by major manufacturers, plug-in sales grew to about 50,000 units in 2011, to 125,000 in 2012, and almost 213,000 cars and utility vans in 2013. Sales totaled over 315,000 units in 2014, up 48% from 2013.[21] In March 2014, Norway became the first country where over 1 in every 100 passenger cars on the roads was a plug-in,[22] and, by October 2018, 1 in every 10 passenger cars registered in Norway was a plug-in.[17]
In five years, global sales of highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles increased more than ten-fold, totaling more than 565,000 units in 2015 - an 80% increase from 2014, driven mainly by China and Europe.[21] About 775,000 plug-in electric cars and vans were sold in 2016, and 1.22 million in 2017 - up 57% from 2016 - with China accounting for about half of global sales.[1][23][24] The global market share of the new light-duty plug-in segment reached 1.3% in 2017, up from 0.86% in 2016, and 0.38% in 2014.[7][8] Global light-duty plug-in vehicle sales passed the 3 million milestone in November 2017[4] and 5 million at the end 2018.[5] Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, up 72% from 2017, with a market share of 2.1%. The BEV:PHEV ratio rose to 69:31.[6]
Annual sales of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles in the world's top markets between 2011 and 2017.[2][8][15][21]
Europe
Japan
Date | Milestone |
---|---|
1996 | Launch of the limited production General Motors EV1[25] |
1997 | Launch of the Toyota RAV4 EV[26] |
December 2008 | 100th Tesla Roadster delivered[27] |
December 2010 | Nissan Leaf and Chevrolet Volt deliveries began[28] |
December 2012 | Annual global sales passed the 100,000 mark[18][21] |
March 2014 | Norway achieves 1% of cars on the road as plug-ins[22] |
December 2014 | 100,000th plug-in sold in Japan[18][29] |
September 2015 | Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 1 million units.[30] |
March 2016 |
500,000th new energy vehicle sold in China[31] (includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles) |
100,000th plug-in sold in Norway[32] | |
May 2016 |
500,000th plug-in sold in Europe[33] |
August 2016 | 500,000th plug-in sold in the U.S[34] |
September 2016 | 500,000th new energy passenger car sold in China[35] |
Global all-electric car/van sales passed 1 million.[36] | |
October 2016 | 100,000th plug-in sold in France[37][38] |
November 2016 | 100,000th plug-in sold in the Netherlands[39] |
December 2016 | Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 2 million units[1] |
5% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug-ins[15] | |
November 2017 | Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 3 million units[4] |
December 2017 | Annual global sales passed the 1 million unit mark[8][24] |
Annual global market share passed 1% for the first time[8][24] | |
First half 2018 | 1 million plug-in electric cars sold in Europe[13] |
September 2018 |
1 million plug-in electric cars sold in the U.S.[11] |
2 million new energy passenger cars sold in China[10] (includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles) |
|
October 2018 | 10% of passenger cars on Norwegian roads are plug-ins[17] |
Netherlands has the highest density of EV chargers (19.3 chargers per 100km of paved road)[40] | |
November 2018 | 500,000th plug-in car sold in California[41] |
December 2018 | Annual global sales passed the 2 million unit mark[6][42] |
Annual sales in China passed 1 million NEVs[43] (includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles) |
|
Cumulative global plug-in sales passed 5 million units[5] | |
Chinese sales topped 1.1 million cars (more than 55% of all electric vehicles sold globally)[44] | |
Europe EV sales reached 1.2 million and USA reached 1.1 million in 2018[45] | |
Europe, China and USA stood for 93% of global electric car sales in 2018.[44] | |
USA reaches highest monthly EV sales of 50,000[46] | |
Tesla Model 3 becomes first EV to exceed 100,000 sales mark in a single year[47] | |
China surpasses 200,000 electric car sales in a single month[48] | |
February 2019 | 5.6 million cumulative global plug-in electric cars on the road (up 64% from 2018)[49] |
March 2019 | Nearly 60% of sales were electric cars in Norway[50] |
Europe surpassed 60,000 electric car sales in a single month for the first time[51] | |
May 2019 | Plug-In EV Car Market Share In Iceland Is 22% (2nd highest share in Europe).[52] |
June 2019 | China's Electric Vehicle Charging Posts surpasses 1 million[53] |
Germany passes Norway becoming Europes largest EV market (50,000 sales in H1 2019)[54] | |
July 2019 | USA EV sales up to 2.5% of total market[55] |
China EV sales up to 5.4% of total market (forecasted to hit 10% share milestone in 2020)[56] |
Statistics[edit]
Country | PEV stock/cumulative sales[i] | Annual sales[i] | Population 2018 (millions) |
Plug-in cars per 1,000 people (2018) |
% Plug-in passenger cars on the road[ii] |
||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2018 | 2017 | 2018 | 2017 | ||||
China[iii][iv] | 2,243,772[57][58] | 1,227,770[57] | 1,016,002[58] | 579,000[59] | 1,394.2 | 1.6 | 0.94% (2018)[60] |
USA[iii] | 1,126,000[61] | 764,666[62][63] | 361,307[61] | 199,818[61] | 328.5 | 3.4 | 0.45% (2018) |
Norway[v][iv] | 296,215[14] | 209,122[14] | 86,290[16] | 71,737[64] | 5.3 | 55.9 | 10.7% (2018)[65] |
Japan[iii][vi][iv] | 257,363[57][66] | 205,350[57] | 52,013[66] | 54,100[57] | 126.3 | 2.0 | N/A |
UK | 212,000[67] | 137,000[67] | 59,911[iii][68] | 49,182[iii][68] | 66.0 | 3.2 | 0.2% (2016)[69] |
France | 204,617[37][70][71][72] | 149,797[37][70][71] | 53,745[72] | 42,799[72] | 67.0 | 3.1 | 0.2% (2016)[69] |
Germany[iii] | 196,750[1][73][74] | 129,246[1][73] | 67,504[74] | 54,492[73] | 82.9 | 2.4 | 0.1% (2016)[69] |
Netherlands[iv] | 145,882[75] | 121,540[75] | 29,187[75] | 11,085[75] | 17.3 | 8.4 | 1.7% (2018) |
Canada[iii] | 81,435[vii][76] | 45,950[57] | 33,879[vii][76] | 18,746[76] | 37.3 | 2.2[vii] | N/A |
Sweden[iv] | 79,579[57][77] | 49,670[57] | 29,909[77] | 19,793[77] | 10.2 | 7.8 | 0.6% (2016)[69] |
Global total[iii] | 5,127,297[57][6] | 3,109,050[57] | 2,018,247[6] | 1,148,700[57] | 7,700 | 0.7 | 0.4% (2018)[3] |
Light-duty plug-in cumulative registrations in selected regional markets | |||||||
Europe[viii] | 1,346,435[1][78][79][80] | 940,383[1][78][79] | 406,052[78][80] | 302,383[78][79] | 526.7 | 2.6 | 0.5% (2018) |
California[iii] | 526,199[15][81] | 368,540[15][81] | 157,659[81] | 98,540[81] | 39.6 | 13.3 | 2.1% (2018) |
Plug-in vehicle cumulative sales for all class segments in China[82][83][84][85][86] | |||||||
China[ix](all class segments) | 2,984,447[1][59][87] | 1,728,447[1][59] | 1,256,000[87] | 777,000[59] | |||
Notes
|
Country | 2018 | 2017 | 2016[15][88] | 2015[89][90] | 2014[91] | 2013[92] |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Norway[64][16] | 49.1% | 39.2% | 29.1% | 22.39% | 13.84â¯% | 6.10% |
Iceland[93][94][95][96] | 19% | 14.05% | 4.6% | 2.93% | 2.71% | 0.94% |
Sweden[97][98][77] | 8.2% | 5.2% | 3.5% | 2.62% | 1.53% | 0.71% |
Netherlands[75][99] | 6.5% | 2.6% | 6.7% | 9.9% | 3.87% | 5.55% |
Finland[93][100] | 4.7% | 2.57% | 1.2% | N/A | N/A | N/A |
China[91][101][102][23][103] | 4.2% | 2.1% | 1.31% | 0.84% | 0.23% | 0.08% |
Andorra[104] | 5.6% | 0.81% | N/A | N/A | N/A | |
Portugal[105] | 3.6% | 1.9% | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Switzerland[93][106] | 3.2% | 2.55% | 1.8% | 1.98% | 0.75% | 0.44% |
Austria[93][107][108] | 2.6% | 2.06% | 1.6% | 0.90% | N/A | N/A |
UK[109][110][68] | 2.53% | 1.86% | 1.37% | 1.07% | 0.59% | 0.16% |
Belgium[93][111] | 2.5% | 2.7% | 1.8% | N/A | N/A | N/A |
Canada[76] | 2.16%[i] | 0.92% | 0.58% | 0.35% | 0.28% | 0.18% |
France[ii][71][72] | 2.11% | 1.98% | 1.4% | 1.19% | 0.70% | 0.83% |
USA[112][63][113][114] | 2.1% | 1.13% | 0.90% | 0.66% | 0.72% | 0.60% |
Denmark[115][116] | 2% | 0.4% | 0.6% | 2.29% | 0.88% | 0.29% |
Germany[91][101][117][74][73][118] | 1.9% | 1.58% | 1.1% | 0.73% | 0.43% | 0.25% |
Ireland[119] | 1.57% | 0.72% | 0.48% | 0.46% | 0.27% | N/A |
Japan[2][66][120] | 1.0% | 1.1% | 0.59% | 0.68% | 1.06% | 0.91% |
New Zealand[121] | 0.96% | 0.72% | 0.50% | 0.23% | 0.21% | N/A |
Global total | ||||||
California[81][122] | 7.8% | 4.8% | 3.6% | 3.1% | 3.2% | 2.5% |
Europe[80][93][123][124][125][126][iii] | 2.5% | 1.74% | 1.3% | 1.41% | 0.66% | 0.49% |
Hong Kong[127][127] | N/A | 5% | 4.84% | N/A | 0.39% | |
Notes
|
Albania[edit]
Albania is considered one of the best countries for emissions for electric cars as it generates all of its electricity from hydroelectric power.[129][130] Electric cars are currently used by the Albanian Police Force.[131] The Interior Minister claimed, that the cost of fuel per 100 kilometers(62 miles) would be less than 120 Albanian leke (less than 1 euro).[131] Saytaxi is the first taxi company in Albania that offers electric vehicles and operates a fast EV(electric vehicles) charging point, and have been operating in the country since 2014. Its goal is to replace 80% of all non-electric cars with electric in the taxi business.[132]
On October 31, 2017, Tirana became one of few European countries to use electric busses when they tested a Solaris Urbino 12, with the purpose of reducing pollution.[133] Tirana's goal is to gradually convert 10 to 20 percent of the bus fleet into electric ones.[133]
Australia[edit]
Beginning in mid-2009, a twelve-month field trial was conducted with the Mitsubishi i-MiEV with potential electric vehicle customers, such as government bodies and fleet operators.[134] The iMiEV remained the top selling electric vehicle in Australia through 2013.[135][136] The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV, became Australia's top selling EV in 2014[137] and remained the leader into 2016 with 2,015 units sold since its introduction.[138] At the end of March 2015, Tesla Model S registrations totaled 119 in New South Wales and 54 in Victoria. Although no sales figures were reported for Tesla in other states, the combined sales of these two were enough for the Model S to rank as the top selling BEV car for the first quarter of 2015, ahead of the BMW i3 (46) and the Nissan Leaf (31).[139] As of December 2016, about 1,000 Leafs had been sold since its 2012 introduction .[140]
Chargepoint is the only major operator of a charging network in Australia.[141]
The opposition government in Australia in 2019 proposed a 50% electric vehicle target by 2030.[142] Government analysis in 2019 also forecasted 50% of all new cars sold in Australia by 2035 will be electric on the current path.[143]
Victoria is Australia's most important electric vehicle market with the highest amount of electric vehicle purchases in Australia between 2011 and 2017 with a total of 1,324 car sales.[144] Victoria is also Australia's most important electric vehicle market because it had the highest amount of electric vehicle chargers in the country.[144] Similarly, Victoria's capital city Melbourne, had the highest concentration of electric vehicle chargers in Australia in 2017.[144] Victoria, Australian Capital Territory, New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland represent the largest markets in the country for electric car sales.[144]
As of July 2019, the Australian government offers a higher luxury tax threshold for qualifying low emissions vehicles and the state of Victoria and Australian Capital Territory offer incentives for purchasing and owning electric vehicles e.g. stamp duty exemptions and registration discounts.[145] However, the ACT offers the most financial and non-financial incentives for purchasing electric vehicles of any state in Australia.[144]
Austria[edit]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1677 in 2015 to 6764 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 4913 new BEV were solds, representing 2.8% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 1677 | 3826 | 5433 | 6764 | 4913 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 1.5% | 2.0% | 2.8% |
Belgium[edit]
Sales of electric cars rose from 97 units in 2009, to 116 in 2010, 425 in 2011, to 900 in 2012. Of the latter, only 350 units were sold to individuals.[147] Then, sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1358 in 2015 to 3647 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 4601 new BEV were solds, representing 1.5% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 1358 | 2054 | 2713 | 3647 | 4601 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.5% | 0.7% | 1.5% |
The Belgian government established purchase incentives for BEVs, ending in 2012.[148] Hybrids were not eligible.[149][150][151] A separate subsidy supported investments in public charging stations.[149]
Brazil[edit]
Nissan Leaf operating as a taxi at Santos Dumont airport as part of a demonstrations program in Rio de Janeiro.
Eco Vagas: parking spaces reserved for low emissions vehicles in BrasÃlia.
As of September 2015, 2,214 hybrid and electric vehicles were registered in the state of São Paulo[152] In March 2013, the first two Leafs were deployed in Rio de Janeiro to operate as taxis.[153] In September 2014 the BMW i3 became the first EV available for retail customers. As of June 2016, other retail plug-ins were the BMW i8 and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV.[154]
Plug-ins and hybrids are subject to taxes adding up to more than 120% of the retail price.[155][156][157]
In May 2014 São Paulo City passed a municipal law to exempt EV, hybrids and fuel cell vehicles from the city's driving restriction scheme and purchase incentives.[158][152]
In April 2018, the city of São José dos Campos ordered 30 electric vehicles for use by the police and government.[159]
In March 2019, Renault released the Zoe in Brazil, and, in April 2019, Jac released the E40 as the cheapest electric car in Brazil, at R$129.990, Nissan announced the Leaf to be released in Brazil in the first half of 2019
Bulgaria[edit]
There were 560 electric motobikes and 520 electric cars officially registered in Bulgaria at the end of March 2018.[160] Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 21 in 2015 to 194 in 2018, with only 6 in 2016. At the first half of 2019, 141 new BEV were solds, representing 0.7% of the overall sales.[161]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 21 | 6 | 68 | 194 | 141 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.7% |
The government does not provide grants for buying electric cars, but at least it does not apply road tax to them. Parking electric vehicles in central urban parking zones is free of charge as well.
In 2012, 'green taxi' hybrid cabs went into service in Sofia.[162][163] In 2017, test electric buses joined the public transport fleet of Sofia[164] and in 2018 and 2019, 35 new electric buses went into service.[165]
The first car sharing company in Bulgaria Spark.bg uses only electric cars, mostly E-up!s and in early 2018, had at least 60 electric vehicles and expected to have 100 at the end of the year. Courier company Speedy uses 20 electric Renault Kangoo.
Canada[edit]
The Chevrolet Volt is the all-time top selling EV in Canada. Shown here is a fleet of Volts at a solar-poweredcharging station in Toronto.
The stock of plug-in electric passenger cars in Canada totaled 45,950 units at the end of 2017, consisting of 23,620 all-electric cars and 22,330 plug-in hybrids.[57] The market share of the plug-in segment accounted for 1.4% of all new car sales for December 2017, and 0.9% for 2017.[166] The Chevrolet Volt was the top selling PHEV, with cumulative sales of 13,619 units through December 2017, and the Tesla Model S was the top selling BEV with 6,731 units sold as of December 2017.[166]
Purchase and other incentives for new EVs are offered by the provinces of Quebec[167][168][169] and British Columbia.[170][171]
In October 2016, Quebec passed legislation that obliges major carmakers to offer an increasing number of PHEV and BEV models, beginning with 3.5% in 2018 and rising to 15.5% in 2020, using a tradable credit system.
China[edit]
Sales of new energy vehicles in China by year between January 2011 and December 2018.[82][83][84][85][86][172][59][87]
China is by far the largest electric car market in the world. Domestically built new energy vehicle (NEV) sales totaled almost 3 million units between January 2011 and December 2018. These figures include heavy-duty commercial vehicles such as buses and sanitation trucks.[173][23][172][87] Sales of domestically built new energy passenger cars totaled over 1.2 million units between 2011 and 2017, of which, a total of 579,000 were sold in 2017, representing about half of global plug-in car sales in 2017.[174][175][176][18][173][23]
Domestically-produced vehicles accounted for about 96% of total plug-in electric vehicle sales.[23][177] As of December 2018, the NEV stock consisted of 2,369,088 all-electric vehicles (79.4%) and 641,359 plug-in hybrid vehicles (20.6%).[87][23][31][178][179][180][181][182][183] Entry-level vehicles dominate the Chinese plug-in passenger market.[184][87] The highest selling electric car in 2017 and 2018 was the BAIC EC-Series with 78,079 and 90,637 units sold respectively.[23][58] Prior to this, the highest selling plug-in vehicle was the BYD Tang PHEV SUV with 31,405 sales in 2016.[185][185][186][187][188]
The Chinese stock of plug-in electric buses was about 343,500 vehicles as of December 2016, of which, almost 300,000 were BEVs.[2] The Chinese plug-in electric bus stock grew nearly sixfold over 2014, and almost doubled from 2015 to 2016.[2][18]
Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000 units, up 53% from 2016 consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles (up 59.4%) and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles (up 27.6%). Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totaled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids.[59] Accounting for foreign brands, plug-in car sales rise to about 600,000 in 2017.[23] The plug-in segment achieved a record market share of 2.1% of new car sales.[23]
Government incentives[edit]
The Chinese government adopted in 2009 a plan to become one of the world leaders in producing EVs. The plan has four goals: create a world-leading industry; energy security; reduce urban air pollution; and to reduce carbon emissions.[189][190] In June 2012 the State Council published a plan to develop the domestic industry. The plan set a sales target of 500,000 new EVs by 2015 and 5 million by 2020.[191][192] Initial sales were much lower than expected, while most output was purchased for public fleets. New incentives were issued in 2014, with a sales target of 160,000 units for 2014.[193][194] This goal was also not achieved.
The Chinese government uses the term new energy vehicles (NEVs) to designate plug-ins and electrics. Only EVs are eligible for purchase incentives.[195] The Chinese government has put forward the strategy of âEnergy Saving and Electric Vehiclesâ. The policy measures of this strategy mainly focused on carrying out pilots to subsidize EV buyers, promoting charging facilities construction and accelerating EVs commercialization.[196] On June 1, 2010, the government announced a trial program to provide financial incentives in five cities.[197][198] A 2013 joint announcement by the National Development and Reform Commission and finance, science, and industry ministries offered a maximum of US$9,800 toward the purchase of a BEV passenger vehicle and up to US$81,600 for electric buses.[199] In April 2016 the Traffic Management Bureau under the Ministry of Public Security announced special green license plates to facilitate preferential traffic policies.[200]
Chile[edit]
Mitsubishi i-MiEV in Chile
The Mitsubishi i-MiEV[201][202] was the first EV in Chile. The first public quick charging station was opened in April 2011.[203]
In August 2014 Mitsubishi replaced the i-Miev with the Outlander PHEV.[citation needed] Later that year BMW introduced their 'i' range with the i3;[citation needed] Renault launched their Zero Emission (Z.E.) lineup, including the Fluence Z.E. sedan, the Kangoo utility van and Zoe city car. The French brand sold 22 electric vehicles in their first month in the Chilean market.[citation needed]
Colombia[edit]
The BEV Renault Twizyquadracycle is the top selling electric vehicle in Colombia.
Latin America's first BEV taxi fleet of 45 vehicles was launched at the beginning of 2013 in Bogotá, the largest electric taxi fleet in South America at the time.[204] These taxis were exempted from the driving restriction scheme. The program is an effort to improve air quality and set an example.[205][206][207]
The BMW i3 was introduced in Colombia in 2014. The BEV Renault Twizyquadracycle was introduced in the Colombian market in June 2015[208] and as of October 2015 203 Twizys had been sold.[209] Sales of the Outlander P-HEV were scheduled to begin in September 2015.[210] Sales As of June 2015 for other electric vehicles include 35 Mitsubishi i-MiEVs (purchased by an electricity company), 25 BMW i3s, 19 Renault Kangoos (coporate purchases), and 4 Nissan Leafs (corporate purchases).[210]
In 2013 the government established promotional incentives. These include the exemption from the driving restriction scheme in place in Colombian cities such as Bogotá and MedellÃn. The government exempted BEV and PHEV cars from import duties for three years, with an annual quota of 750 cars of each type.[210]
Costa Rica[edit]
Mitsubishi i-MiEV purchased by the US embassy in Costa Rica.
As of January 2015, the Costa Rican stock of electric drive vehicles consisted of 477 hybrid electric vehicles and 2,229 electric vehicles. Plug-in car sales totaled 108 units in 2016.[211] The top selling model was the Outlander P-HEV with 60 units.[211]
In 2006 electric cars were exempted from the consumption tax, while conventional vehicles faced a 30% rate. In October 2012, electric cars were exempted from San José's driving restriction.[212] EVs were exempted from import duties and the government agreed to deploy charging stations in strategic locations in San José.[213]
The first electric car to go on sale was the REVAi, introduced in March 2009. The REVAi, powered by leadâacid batteries, sold 10 units.[214] The Mitsubishi i MiEV was launched in February 2011, with initial availability of 25 to 50 units.[215][216][217]
In January 2013 the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy deployed 200 electric SUVs for use as 'green taxis.' Electric/hybrid cars sold in Costa Rica include the BYD Qin (November 2013),[218][219] Mitsubishi Outlander (March 2015)[220] and BMW i3 (September 2016).[221]
Croatia[edit]
As of December 2016, 2067 electric cars had been sold in Croatia.[222][223] Of these, 224 were EVs, while the rest were hybrids.[222] As of September 2017, 201 free public charging stations operated in Croatia.[222]
In 2014 and 2015, the Croatian government initiated purchase incentives.[224][225] The subsidies were discontinued in 2016, due to ineffectiveness.[222][needs update]
Czech Republic[edit]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 298 in 2015 to 703 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 360 new BEV were solds, representing 0.3% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 298 | 200 | 387 | 703 | 360 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.3% |
Denmark[edit]
As of December 2015, around 4,000 electric cars had been sold in Denmark.[226] Denmark was the second largest European market for light-duty, plug-in commercial vehicles or utility vans, with over 2,600 plug-in vans sold that year, representing 8.5% of all vans sold . Most vans were plug-in hybrids, accounting for almost all EU plug-in van sales.[227] After the expiration of the government incentives, sales drop to about 1,300 all-electric cars (BEV) in 2016, and fell further in 2017 to almost 700 pure electric cars. In 2018, the registation of new BEV grew up to 1559 units and in the first half of 2019, 2595 units were already sold.
Denmark's sales surged before the expiration of its purchase incentives, and plunged thereafter, its plug-in market penetration plunge to 0.1% as of July 2017.[228] In April 2017 the government announced a partial resumption of the credit,[229] while adding a new fund for fuel cell vehicles.
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 4584 | 1353 | 720 | 1559 | 2595 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.3% | 0.7% | 2.1% |
As of December 2017, the total stock of registered all-electric cars amounted to 8,746 units, slightly up from 8,643 electric cars in 2016. Sales of plug-in hybrids grew from 5 sold in 2013 to 572 in 2016, and 621 units in 2017.[230]
Estonia[edit]
Two Mitsubishi i-MiEVs in Estonia. The majority of electric cars in Estonia are i-MiEVs.
As of February 2015, 1,188 plug-in vehicles were registered.[citation needed]
Estonia was the first country to deploy an EV charging network with nationwide coverage, with fast chargers available along highways at a maximum distance of 40 to 60 km (25 to 37 mi).[231][232] As of December 2012, the nationwide network consisted of 165 fast chargers.[233][234][235]
In 2011, the government confirmed the sale to Mitsubishi of 10 million carbon dioxide credits in exchange for 507 i-MiEV electric cars. The deal included funding 250 fast charging stations and subsidies for the first 500 private buyers of any electric approved by the EU.[236][237] The first 50 i-MiEVs were delivered in October 2011, for use by municipal social workers.[238][239][240][241]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 34 in 2015 to 85 in 2018, after a stagnation in 2016 and 2017. At the first half of 2019, 42 new BEV were solds, representing 0.2% of the overall sales.[242]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 34 | 35 | 26 | 85 | 42 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
Estonia's figures are low compared to other advanced economies, attributed to lack of government incentives after the carbon credit scheme was exhausted.[243]
Ecuador[edit]
The offer and demand for electric vehicles in the South American nation is reduced. Electric charging stations are currently being built in Guayaquil, Quito, Cuenca, and Loja. In ecuador, all electric vehicles are exempt from customs duties and taxes starting on June 2019. The electric vehicle offer in the country is set to increase. The Ecuadorean government has been incentivizing the us of electric vehicles with tax cuts. However, both the offer and demand remained short, encouraging the government to eliminate all duties to electric vehicles.
European Union overview[edit]
In all the European Union, sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 58,975 in 2015 to 150,056 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 125,378 new BEV were solds, representing 1.5% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 58975 | 63136 | 97476 | 150056 | 125378 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.6% | 1.0% | 1.5% |
When including EFTA, sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 88,011 in 2015 to 201,439 in 2018. Norway represents the most contribution of the new BEV registrations in EFTA.[146]In 2017, the total number of new BEV registrations passed 100,000 vehicles
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 88011 | 90653 | 135331 | 201439 | 166939 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | not available | 1.3% | 2.0% |
Finland[edit]
As of October 2016, about 2,250 EVs were registered.[244] Sales reached 854 in the first three quarters of 2016.[245] Plug-in sales were slowed over range concerns and high plug-in prices.[244]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 243 in 2015 to 776 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 995 new BEV were solds, representing 1.7% of the overall sales.[246]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 243 | 222 | 502 | 776 | 995 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.4% | 0.6% | 1.7% |
In November 2016, the government set the goal of 250,000 plug-in cars and 50,000 biogas cars on the road by 2030.[244] These goals are part of the Finnish government efforts to comply with the 2015 Paris Agreement.[244]
Manufacturers[edit]
Many companies in Finland are involved in next-generation vehicle manufacturing, including Valmet Automotive (Fisker Karma and Garia A/S electric golf cart production)[247]Fortum (concept cars and infrastructure), Kabus[248] (hybrid buses; part of Koiviston Auto Oy), BRP Finland (part of Bombardier Recreational Products), Lynx (snowmobile), Patria (military vehicles), European Batteries[249] (Li-ion battery plant in Varkaus), Finnish Electric Vehicles[250] (battery control systems), ABB, Efore, Vacon (electric motor technology production), Ensto (production of charging units), Elcat (electric vehicle production since the 1980s), production of electric car accessories, Suomen Sähköauto Oy (produces small electric cars), Oy AMC Motors Ltd. (produces and designs small electric cars), Raceabout[251] (specialist electric sport car with very few sales), Gemoto skooters from Cabotec, Resonate's Gemini and Janus Scooters, Moto Bella Oy, Axcomotors, Randax and Visedo.
Research related to electric cars is in progress at the VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland and Tekes.[252]
Electric car organisations in Finland include the Electric Vehicle Association of Finland[permanent dead link] and Electric Vehicles Finland. A non-commercial electric car conversion organisation is called Electric Cars - Now![253] that converts Toyota Corollas into Li-ion battery-powered electric cars.
Infrastructure[edit]
Basic charging infrastructure is available all over Finland, used for winter engine pre-warming. Because of its climate â cold winters and warm summers â Finland is considered a convenient 'test laboratory' for electric cars.
France[edit]
Registration of light-duty plug-in vehicles in France by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2018.[72][254][255][256][257][258][259][260][261][262][70]
The stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in France passed the 100,000 unit milestone in October 2016, making the country the second largest plug-in market in Europe after Norway. It ranked also as the world's fifth largest plug-in market after the U.S., China, Japan and Norway.[37][38]
As of December 2017, a total of 149,797 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles have been registered in France since 2010. The plug-in electric stock consisted of 92,256 all-electric passenger cars, 25,269 all-electric utility vans, and 32,272 plug-in hybrids.[70][71][37] The plug-in passenger car segment achieved a record market share of 1.98% of new car registrations in 2017.[71] France was the largest European market for light-duty electric commercial vehicles or utility vans in 2016.[227]
The Renault Zoe has led electric car sales in France since 2013, and is the country's all-time best selling plug-in with almost 50,000 units registered through December 2016.[254][71]
Plug-in electric car registrations have been led by the Renault Zoe for five years running since 2013, with 5,511 in 2013, 5,970 in 2014, 10,406 in 2015, 11,402 in 2016 and with 15,245 units in 2017, totaling 48,582 units since 2012.[254][71] The electric utility van segment has been led by the Renault Kangoo Z.E. with over 15,000 units sold through September 2016.[37]
The registration of new all-electric cars (BEV) increased from 184 units in 2010 to 32,203 units in 2018, 1.4% of the new car registration. During the first half of 2019, 21,024 new BEV were registered, representing 1.8% of the new car sales.
In 2008, France established a bonus-malus system offering a purchase incentive for low emission cars and a penalty fee (malus), for the purchase of high-emission vehicles.[263] In 2015, the government introduced an additional bonus for all-electric car purchasers who scrapped a diesel-powered car in circulation before 1 January 2001. As of September 2016, the scrappage bonus had been granted for more than 10,000 purchases.[264]
Germany[edit]
Annual registration of plug-in cars in Germany by type of vehicle between 2010 and 2018.[74][73][117][265][266][267][268][269]
As of December 2018, a total of 196,750 plug-in electric cars have been registered in Germany since 2010.[1][73][74] The country is Europe's largest passenger car market, but ranks only fifth in plug-in car sales in 2016.[33][118] About 93% of the plug-ins registered through December 2018 were registered since 2014.[265][117][74] In 2013 Germany reclassified range-extended vehicles as series plug-in hybrids instead of all-electric vehicles. As a result, the registrations figures for 2012 and older do not account for plug-in hybrids.[270] As of November 2014, the country had 4,800 public charging stations.[271]
A record of 54,492 plug-in cars were registered in 2017, up 217% the previous year, and consisting of 29,436 plug-in hybrids and 25,056 all-electric cars.[73] Registrations rose to 67,504 units in 2018.[74] The plug-in market share was 1.58% in 2017 and 1.9% in 2018.[73][74] The top selling models in 2017 were the Audi A3 e-tron (4,454), Renault Zoe (4,322), and BMW i3 (4,319).[272]
The Smart electric drive led the plug-in electric car segment in Germany until 2013.[273]
Under its National Plattform for Electric Mobility, ChancellorAngela Merkel in 2010 set the goal of putting one million electric vehicles on German roads by 2020.[274][275] Initially, the government did not provide subsidies in favor of research.[274] The Bundestag passed the Electric Mobility Act in March 2015 that authorized local government to grant non-monetary incentives. The measures privilege battery-powered cars, fuel cell vehicles and some PHEVs, by granting local governments the authority to offer additional incentives.[276][277][278][279]
The introduction of the purchase bonus noticeably impacted sales only in September 2016, when registrations grew to 3,061 units.[280]
An incentive scheme was approved in April 2016 including purchase subsidies, charging stations and another federal government fleet purchases, with a target of 400,000 electric vehicles. Premium cars, such as the Tesla Model S and BMW i8, were not eligible.[281][282][283]
As of September 2016, BMW, Citroën, Daimler, Ford, Hyundai, Kia, Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot, Renault, Toyota, Volkswagen, and Volvo had signed up to participate in the scheme.[284][285] The online application system to claim the bonus went into effect on 2 July 2016.[286]
Greece[edit]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 35 in 2015 to 88 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 104 new BEV were solds, representing 0.16% of the overall sales.[246]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 35 | 9 | 47 | 88 | 104 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.05% | 0.09% | 0.16% |
Hong Kong[edit]
As of December 2017, 10,666 plug in vehicles were registered in Hong Kong.[287] March 2017 saw 2,964 EV's registered in one month before first registration tax exemption was repealed. 2,939 of these cars were Tesla Model S and X.
Tesla Roadster charging at Central Star Ferry carpark in Hong Kong.
As of September 2016, 6,298 plug-in vehicles were on the roads in Hong Kong,[288] up from 3,253 in October 2015.[289] The plug-in segment market share achieved 4.8% of new car sales in Hong Kong in 2015.[288]
As of October 2015, more than 1,200 public electric vehicle charging points were available.[289] More than a dozen models were available for retail customers.[289]
Sales of electric cars took off in Hong Kong with the Tesla Model S in 2014.[290][291] The tax waiver made the Model S competitive in the luxury car segment, at about half the price of other high-end models.[290] According to Tesla, as of September 2016, Hong Kong had the world's highest density of Tesla superchargers, giving most Model S owners a supercharger within a 20-minute drive.[292]
The Government offered purchase incentives to consumers, businesses and service providers were available from 2011 to 2017. The Government further allocated HK$180.00 million for bus companies to purchase 36 electric buses.[289]
Hungary[edit]
In November, 2018 8,482 PEVs were registered in Hungary.The Hungarian government introduced its e-mobility plan in March, 2014. The Jedlik plan supported the domestic production of electric vehicles, expanding the necessary infrastructure and promoting the purchase of EVs with public incentives,[293] including 1,5 million HUF, initiated at the end of 2016.
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 115 in 2015 to 1300 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 801 new BEV were solds, representing 1.1% of the overall sales.[246]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 115 | 172 | 749 | 1300 | 801 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.6% | 1.0% | 1.1% |
Iceland[edit]
The plug-in car segment in Iceland reached 5.37% of all new vehicles registered in 2016, allowing the country to rank second in Europe after Norway that year.[294] Registrations of new plug-in electric cars totaled 2,990 units in 2017, up 157% from the previous year. The segment's market share achieved a record 14%, globally, second only to Norway.[295] The top selling plug-ins in 2017 were the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV with 884 units and the Nissan Leaf with 524.[295] In 2018, 284 new BEV units were sold and 423 in the first half of 2019, representing 5.8% of the overall new cars sales.[246]
The government eliminated VAT (24%) and CO
2-based fees (up to 65%) on new car purchases for EVs.[when?][296]
2-based fees (up to 65%) on new car purchases for EVs.[when?][296]
As of 2017, Orka Náttúrunnar (ON) was working to complete a network of 50 kW CCS Combo/CHAdeMO stations along the Ring Road. Iceland remains the only major EV market without a Tesla Supercharger network.[297]
India[edit]
As of December 2015, over 6,000 plug-in cars were registered, consisting of 4,350 BEV cars and 1,660 PHEVs.[18]The Indian government has FAME schemes[clarification needed] and Lower (5%) GST on EVs to encourage electric vehicles. [1][2]
Indonesia[edit]
The government supported some trial models made by Tucuxi. Conversion of some vehicles to electric drivetrains was introduced during the APEC Meeting in October 2013.
Ireland[edit]
Sales of electric cars in Ireland increased more than four times in 2014 from a low base.[298] Then, sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 466 in 2015 to 1233 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 1954 new BEV were solds, representing 2.4% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 466 | 392 | 622 | 1233 | 1954 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.5% | 1.0% | 2.4% |
The government committed to making 10% of all vehicles by 2020 (a projected 230,000 vehicles).[299] Government officials reached agreements with French car maker Renault and its partner Nissan. As of September 2014, purchase incentives became available.[300]
Italy[edit]
BMW i3 patrol car of the Italian police at Vatican City.
As of December 2015 over 6,100 plug-in cars were registered, consisting of 4,580 BEV cars and 1,550 PHEVs.[18]The top EV in 2015 was the Nissan Leaf (390 units sold).[301]About 10,000 electric vehicles[302] were sold in Italy in 2018, double the 2017 number of about 5,000.[303]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1442 in 2015 to 4996 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 5040 new BEV were solds, representing 0.5% of the overall sales.[246]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | H1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 1442 | 1373 | 2022 | 4996 | 5040 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.1% | 0.3% | 0.5% |
The government discontinued incentives in 2014 amid a limited public charging infrastructure and tepid reception. Further, many Italian houses were equipped with electric contracts allowing only 3 kW of peak consumption, making home charging of electric cars impractical.[304][305][306]
Japan[edit]
As of December 2016, the Nissan Leaf is the all-time top selling plug-in car in Japan, with 72,494 units sold since December 2010.[307]
As of December 2017, Japan had a stock of light-duty plug-in vehicles of 205,350.[57] Sales totaled 24,660 units in 2015, and 24,851 units in 2016.[2] The segment market share declined from 0.68% in 2014 to 0.59% in 2016.[2] Declining sales growth reflected the governmental and domestic carmaker decision to promote hydrogenfuel cell vehicles instead.[308][309] Sales recovered in 2017, with almost 56,000 plug-in cars sold, and the segment's market share reached 1.1%.[120]
In May 2009 the Japanese Diet passed the 'Green Vehicle Purchasing Promotion Measure'.[310] The program provided purchasing subsidies for cars, mini and keis, trucks and buses, including an extra subsidy for purchases trading in a sufficiently old used car.[310][311] The program ended on March 31, 2010.[312][313] The Japanese electric vehicle charging infrastructure climbed from 60 public stations in 2010 to 1,381 in 2012.[314]
The Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV was the top selling EV in Japan in 2015.[315]
Mitsubishi introduced multiple plug-in vehicles: the Mitsubishi i MiEV in 2009,[314][316] the Mitsubishi Minicab MiEV in 2011,[317] a truck version of the Minicab MiEV[318] and the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV in 2013.[319] As of December 2014, Mitsubishi had sold 36,386 light-duty plug-ins.[317][320]
The Nissan Leaf launched in 2010.[321][322] The Toyota Prius PHEV launched in January 2012, selling 19,100 units through September 2014.[323] Tesla Model S deliveries began in September 2014.[324]
Leaf sales in 2016 were 14,795 units.[307] Nissan had sold 72,494 units cumulatively through 2016, making the Leaf Japan's all-time best-selling plug-in car.[307] Sales of the Outlander PHEV fell sharply from April 2016 as a result of Mitsubishi's fuel economy scandal.[325] Sales totaled 34,830 units through August 2016.[326]
Kosovo[edit]
There have not been much effort in by Kosovo of using Plug-in electric vehicles. However ProCredit Bank, Kosova, became the first institution in Kosovo to use electric vehicles, by buying 10 new Mitsubishi i-MiEV vehicles.[327] In 2017, six teens in the city Gjakova, from BONEVET makerspace, became the first European teenager group to build an electric car out of a Renault Twingo, transforming it from a petrol-fuelled car to a fully functional electric car.[328][329][330][331]
Latvia[edit]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 17 in 2015 to 73 in 2018. At the first quater of 2019, 46 new BEV were solds, representing 0.4% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 17 | 25 | 22 | 73 | 46 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.1% | 0.4% | 0.4% |
Lithuania[edit]
As of the 1st of July 2018, 806 EVs were registered. Registrations were led by Nissan (50%). Also 11198 hybrids registered in Lithuania by the 1st of July 2018. Registrations were led by Toyota (64%)[332].
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 37 in 2015 to 143 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 75 new BEV were solds, representing 0.3% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 37 | 64 | 52 | 143 | 75 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.2% | 0.4% | 0.3% |
Mexico[edit]
A Nissan Leaf charging at a public charge station in Colonia Condesa, Mexico City.
In October 2009 Nissan reached an agreement with the Mexico City government, purchasing 500 Leafs for use of government and corporate fleets. In exchange, recharging infrastructure was to be deployed by the city government.[333][334] The first 100 Leafs (destined for the taxi fleet) were delivered in 2011.[335][336][337]
As of February 2013, about 70 Leafs were deployed as taxis, 50 in Aguascalientes and 20 in Mexico City.[338][339]
Retail Leaf sales began in June 2014.[340] Retail deliveries of the BMW i3 began 2014.[341][342]
The second generation Volt[343] and Tesla Model S began in 2015.[344]
As of October 2012, no government purchase incentives were available. However, electric cars are exempted from Mexico City's driving restriction scheme.[339]
Netherlands[edit]
Number of total registered plug-in electric vehicles on the road in the Netherlands from 2011 to 2018.[75][345][346][347][99]
As of 31 December 2017, there were 121,542 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 98,217 range-extended and plug-in hybrids, 21,115 pure electric cars, and 2,210 all-electric light utility vans. When buses, trucks, motorcycles, quadricycles and tricycles are accounted for, the Dutch plug-in electric-drive fleet climbs to 123,499 units.[99] The country's electric vehicle stock reaches 165,886 units when fuel cell electric vehicles (43), mopeds (4,376), electric bicycles (37,652), and microcars (316) are accounted for.[99] The market was dominated by plug-in hybrids representing 80.8% of the country's stock of passenger plug-in electric cars and vans registered at the end of December 2017.[99]
Plug-in car sales fell sharply during 2016 after changes in the tax rules.[39] Sales during the first half of 2016 were down 64% from the same period in 2015.[348] The plug-in market share declined from 9.9% in 2015, to 6.7% in 2016, and fell to 2.6% in 2017.[99]
As of December 2016 the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the Netherlands with 25,984 units registered.[347]
A total of 42,367 plug-in cars were sold in 2015. The top 5 were all plug-in hybrids, led by the Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV. The Tesla Model S continued as the top selling electric car with 1,842 units.[349] A total of 9,185 passenger plug-ins were registered in the first three quarters of 2016. As of December 2016 the Outlander P-HEV was the top-selling plug-in car with 25,984 units, followed by the Volvo V60 PHEV (15,804), Volkswagen Golf GTE (10,691), Volkswagen Passat GTE (7,773), Mercedes-Benz C 350 e (6,226), and the Tesla Model S (6,049).[347]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 3989 in 2015 to 26,533 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 20,069 new BEV were solds, representing 8.6% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 3989 | 4021 | 9405 | 26533 | 20069 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 2.3% | 6.0% | 8.8% |
The Tesla Model S, released in the Dutch market in September 2013, is the country's top selling BEV car ever.[39]
From January 1, 2016, all-electric vehicles continue to pay a 4% registration fee, but for a plug-in hybrids the fee rises from 7% to 15% if its CO
2 emissions do not exceed 50 g/km. The rate for a conventional internal combustion car is 25% of its book value.[350][351]
2 emissions do not exceed 50 g/km. The rate for a conventional internal combustion car is 25% of its book value.[350][351]
The Dutch government set a target of 15,000 electric vehicles in 2015, 200,000 in 2020 and 1 million in 2025.[345][352] The government exempted selected vehicles from registration fee and road taxes.[353][354][355] The exemption from the registration tax ended in 2013.[356]Battery electric vehicles have special access to parking spaces in Amsterdam, queues for which can otherwise reach up to 10 years.[357] Free charging is offered in public parking spaces.[358]
Other factors contributing to the rapid adoption of plug-in electric vehicles are the Netherlands' small size, which reduces range anxiety; a long tradition of environmental activism; high gasoline prices (US$8.50 per gallon as of January 2013); and some EV leasing programs that provide free or discounted gasoline-powered vehicles for covering long distances.[358]
New Zealand[edit]
A Fast Charge station for electric vehicles in Wellington, New Zealand
Type | 2013 | 2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
New PHEVs | 11 | 224 | 451 | 779 | 1,199 | 1,939 | 2,238 |
New BEVs | 101 | 140 | 207 | 588 | 1,271 | 2,009 | 2,322 |
Used PHEVs | 0 | 2 | 15 | 116 | 456 | 896 | 1,071 |
Used BEVs | 44 | 114 | 310 | 998 | 3,211 | 6,783 | 7,894 |
Total EVs | 156 | 480 | 983 | 2,481 | 6,137 | 11,627 | 13,525 |
As of May 2019, about 13,500 light-duty EVs were registered. The majority of the fleet (9,000) consists of used imports from Japan and the UK. The most popular model by far is the Nissan Leaf, with 7,300 registered.[121]
The New Zealand Government launched an Electric Vehicle Programme in May 2016, in order to encourage EV uptake.[359] Electric vehicles in New Zealand are exempt from road user charges until at least 31 December 2021,[360] and pay the lower petrol rates for ACC levies on motor vehicle licensing.[361]
Norway[edit]
Registration of EVs in Norway by year between 2004 and 2018. Includes PHEVs and BEV cars and vans. Used imports are included.[16][64][362][363][364]
Distribution of the Norwegian stock of passenger cars by type of fuel or powertrain at the end of March 2019.[365]
The stock of light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in Norway totaled 296,214 units at the end of December 2018, consisting of 200,192 all-electric passenger cars and vans, and 96,022 plug-in hybrids, including a significant number of used imports from neighboring countries.[14] Norway's fleet of electric cars is one of the world's cleanest, because 99% of its power comes from hydropower.[366][367] Norway has the world's largest EV ownership per capita,[368][369][370][371] with 21.5 plug-ins per 1,000 people as of July 2016.[372][373]
The plug-in electric passenger car segment captured a market share of 29.1% in 2016,[374] rose to 39.2% in 2017,[64] and achieved a 49.1% in 2018, meaning that every second new passenger car sold in Norway in 2018 was a plug-in electric.[16] In January 2017 the electric-drive segment surpassed combined conventional internal combustion engine sales for the first time ever, achieving a combined market share of 51.4% of new car sales.[375][376] In October 2018, Norway became the first country where 1 in every 10 passenger cars registered is a plug-in electric vehicle.[17][377]
For all-battery cars alone, the sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 25,779 in 2015 to 46,143 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 35,200 new BEV were solds, representing 45.0% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 25,779 | 24,222 | 33,080 | 46,143 | 35,200 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 20.9% | 31.2% | 45.0% |
Norway was the first country in the world to have all-electric cars top the new car sales monthly ranking. The Tesla Model S has been the top-selling new car four times, and the Nissan Leaf twice.[378] As of March 2018, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV remained as the top selling plug-in hybrid with 14,196 new units sold.[379] The Nissan Leaf continued to be the most popular model in the plug-in segment with 50,000 units registered by early December 2018, including used imports from neighboring countries,[380] and representing 25% of total all-electric car registrations in Norway.[381][380]
Government incentives[edit]
The Norwegian government set a series of incentives to promote the adoption of zero emission vehicles (ZEVs). Electric vehicles are exempt from all non-recurring vehicle fees, making electric cars price competitive with conventional cars.[382] BEVs are exempt from the annual road tax, public parking fees and toll payments (including domestic ferries), as well as given access to bus lanes.[370] Plug-in hybrids have a smaller market share than ZEVs because they are not eligible for the same incentives.[382][383][384] In 2013 the government reduced taxes for to improve PHEV sales.[384][385]
The initial 50,000 vehicle target was reached on 20 April 2015 at a cost of up to 4 billion krone (around US$640 million).[386][387][388] The Government decided to continue the incentives through 2017, although the Parliament phased out some of the incentives.[389][390] As of January 2018, 24 out of 58 major municipalities kept the free parking for EVs. Among the 34 municipalities that terminated the benefit, six kept different variants of partial free parking.[391]
In 2016, the government proposed its National Transport Plan 2018-2029 (NTP) with the goal that all new cars, buses and light commercial vehicles in 2025 should be zero emission vehicles. By 2030, heavy-duty vans, 75% of new long-distance buses, and 50% of new trucks must be zero emission vehicles.[392][393][394]
Pakistan[edit]
Dynasty IT was bought by Karakoram Motors of Pakistan, and now it is manufactured in Pakistan.[395]
Pakistan already has a significant market for hybrid vehicles with Honda's Vezel, Toyota's Prius and Aqua, and other models seen on the roads. The Automotive Development Policy (2016-2021) and the launch of China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC) are encouraging foreign investments for the new automobile brands to enter Pakistani market, while the leading manufacturers in the automobileindustry in Pakistan are now introducing EV models with a wide range of prices which target consumers of diverse income groups.[396] Several members of the international automobile industry including South Korea, China, and Japan also believe that Pakistan has a high potential market for EV technology, and local businesses are collaborating with them to bring EVs in Pakistan.[397]In January 2017, Dewan Motors with BMW inaugurated Pakistan's first public charging station for electric and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles in Emporium Mall, Lahore. Dewan Motors had installed another station for plug-in hybrid and electric vehicles at Dolmen Mall in Karachi in February 2017.[398][399] Rahmat Group has acquired 25 acres of land to establish Electrical Complex at Nooriabad to produce electric vehicles. At the initial stage, the group will produce electric buses to tap the transport market, and in the second phase, a manufacturing plant would be established at the complex to produce electric cars and two-wheelers. As per the reports, Rahmat Group will partner with two Chinese manufacturers to turn its plans into a reality. One company will handle the electric car production while the other will assemble electric vans and trucks. The group also plans to develop lithium batteries for buses, cars and two-wheelers.[400] On 2019, Rahmat Group has signed an agreement with Chinese EVs manufacturer BYD Auto.[401][402]
On 2017, Jolta International had created the first locally manufactured electric motorcycle. The company is based just outside of Bahria Town Rawalpindi, and showcased three Jolta Chargeable Electrical Motorcycles in Gwadar.[403]Leading automobile manufacturers, including Super Power Motorcycles, have started introducing EV models. Neon, a Pakistan-based motorcycle assembler, has introduced an all electric Neon M3 motorbike in Pakistan. The macho looking sports bike comes with emission free and noiseless features. Neon also assembles Electric scooters in Pakistan.[404]
Economia is a Pakistani based company that specializes in the manufacturing of Solar vehicles. They mainly manufacture solar powered bikes, Rickshaws, Golf Carts, Vans, Cars and Central Air Conditioning Systems.[405]
Philippines[edit]
The country's first electric was launched at Silliman University by Insular Technologies in August 2007.[406][407] In some major cities such as Makati, electric Jeepneys are used as well as electric tricycles (rickshaws). The Eagle G-Car is a Philippine BEV car (at a cost as low as $3,000-$6,000).[408] E-Jeepneys were a venture of Renewable Independent Power Producer Inc., which sprang from Greenpeace and other groups, and Solarco, which in turn is a part of GRIPP.[409]
During a demonstration at Nanyang Technological University on February 7, 2018, Nissan Philippines' president and managing director Ramesh Narasimhan has announced that they would like to bring the Leaf to the Filipino market.[410]
Poland[edit]
A Mitsubishi i-MiEV charging at an e+ charging station. e+ is a Polish provider of electric cars and infrastructure.[411]
In 2009, Poland began developing charging station infrastructure in GdaÅsk, Katowice, Kraków, Mielec and Warsaw with EU funds. In November 2017 an electric car sharing network opened in WrocÅaw. The fleet is based on 2013 model of Nissan Leaf.
The biggest organization in Poland in the area of electric vehicles is Klaster Green Stream.[412]The Polish company 3xE - samochody elektryczne (3xE - electric cars) offer electric vehicle conversions of small city cars such as the Smart ForTwo, Citroën C1, Fiat Panda, Peugeot 107, Audi A2. The converted cars have a range of about 100 km (60 mi), using lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO
4) batteries and brushless DC electric motors.[413]
4) batteries and brushless DC electric motors.[413]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 70 in 2015 to 620 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 947 new BEV were solds, representing 0.3% of the overall sales.[414]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 70 | 112 | 435 | 620 | 947 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.09% | 0.12% | 0.30% |
Portugal[edit]
In 2015, the stock of EVs reached about 2,000, consisting of 1,280 BEV cars and 720 PHEVs. EV sales totaled 1,305 units in 2015, up 260% from 2014. The top selling model was the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (229).[415]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 645 in 2015 to 4073 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 3905 new BEV were solds, representing 3.0% of the overall sales.[416]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 645 | 764 | 1640 | 4073 | 3905 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.7% | 1.8% | 3.0% |
In 2009, Portugal worked with Renault and Nissan to create a national charging network.[417]
In 2010, the government offered purchase incentives for the first 5,000 EVs and a separate scrappage incentive.[418] EVs were exempted from the vehicle registration tax.[151] These incentives were discontinued at the end of 2011.[419]
Romania[edit]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 24 in 2015 to 605 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 456 new BEV were solds, representing 0.6% of the overall sales.[420]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 24 | 74 | 188 | 605 | 456 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.2% | 0.5% | 0.6% |
As of June 2019, over 3,000 EVs were registered. Registrations were led by the Renault Zoe.[citation needed] The government offered purchase incentives.[citation needed]
Russia[edit]
As of July 2016, 722 EVs were registered. Registrations were led by the Mitsubishi i-MiEV.[421]
Singapore[edit]
As of October 2016, 129 EVs were registered with the BMW i3 and i8 range being the highest selling brand.[288] Adoption was slowed by high purchase prices, lack of public charging infrastructure and unclear national policies. As of October 2016, 74 public charging stations were operating.[288]
The government offered purchase incentives, although the country's taxation scheme made EVs more expensive than a conventional car. EVs face a carbon surcharge and a scrap rebate, along with the annual road tax.[288]
In February 2017, Singapore had the largest fleet of electric taxis in southeast Asia, with 100 vehicles from BYD.[422]
By December 2018, there were 466 fully electric cars registered in Singapore, 0.08% of the total, and 357 plug-in hybrids, 0.06%.[423]
Slovakia[edit]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 52 in 2015 to 309 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 95 new BEV were solds, representing 0.2% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 52 | 59 | 229 | 309 | 95 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.2% | 0.3% | 0.2% |
Slovenia[edit]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 288 in 2017 to 467 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 264 new BEV were solds, representing 0.7% of the overall sales.[146]
Year | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 288 | 467 | 264 |
% of total new registrations | 0.4% | 0.6% | 0.7% |
South Africa[edit]
As of December 2015, about 290 plug-in cars were registered, all in 2015.[18] The Nissan Leaf was introduced in October 2013.As of January 2018, this number has increased to 375, 0.2% of all registered vehicles.
GridCars is a Pretoria-based company promoting Commuter Cars, based on the TREV from Australia. The concept is to build ultra-light EVs, lessening demand on battery requirements, and making the vehicle more affordable.[424] The Joule, designed by Cape Town-based failed start-up Optimal Energy,[425] was announced at the 2008 Paris Motor Show, with a maximum range of 300 km (190 mi).[426]
The country has a 45% tax on electric vehicles which discourages their import.[427] New internal combustion engine vehicles face a surcharge based on engine capacity.[428]
South Korea[edit]
Model | Total Sales 2012â2013 |
Sales 2013 |
Sales 2012 |
---|---|---|---|
Kia Ray EV | 929 | 398 | 531 |
Samsung SM3 Z.E. | 294 | 277 | 17 |
Chevrolet Spark EV | 40 | 40 | |
Total registrations | 1,263 | 715 | 548 |
As of October 2016, about 7,200 plug-in cars had been sold.[18][430] 2,896 EVs were sold during the first ten months of 2016, up 12% year-on-year.[430]
As of 2014, all electric models on sale were manufactured by local firms.[citation needed] The top selling models during 2015 were the Kia Soul EV (657) and the Samsung SM3 Z.E. (640).[431] The Hyundai Ioniq Electric was released in July 2016.[432]
The government offers a purchase subsidy for electric cars. Starting in 2016, the EV purchase tax surcharge was reduced, although EV drivers see various fees.[433]
Spain[edit]
EV registrations in Spain by year between 2010 and 2017.[434][435][436][437]
The stock of plug-in cars reached almost 6,000 plug-in as of 2015, consisting of 4,460 BEV cars and 1,490 PHEVs.[18] The top selling model in 2015 was the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV (389).[438]
3,129 EVs were sold in Spain during the first three quarters of 2016. Sales continued to grow at an accelerated pace, up 79% from the same period in 2015.
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 1342 in 2015 to 5984 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 5452 new BEV were solds, representing 0.8% of the overall sales.[439]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 1342 | 2005 | 3920 | 5984 | 5452 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 0.3% | 0.5% | 0.8% |
In 2011 the national government initiated EV purchase incentives.[440]Aragón, Asturias, Baleares, Madrid, Navarra, Valencia, Castilla-La Mancha, Murcia, Castile and León offered additional incentives.[151]
Sri Lanka[edit]
As of September 2015, 2,072 electric cars had been registered, led by the Nissan Leaf. EV sales experienced a record month in September 2015 with 471 units registered, up from only 15 in September 2014.[441]
Sales of the Nissan Leaf began in 2013.[442]
No government incentives promote EVs. Electric vehicle tax increased from 5% to 50% through the new government's Interim Budget.[citation needed]
Sweden[edit]
EV registrations in Sweden by year between 2011 and 2018.[77][443][444][97][445][446][447][98]
As of December 2017, a total of 50,304 light-duty plug-in vehicles have been registered since 2011, consisting of 36,405 plug-in hybrids, 12,223 all-electric cars, and 1,676 all-electric vans.[443][444][97][445][446][447][98] The market is dominated by plug-in hybrids, representing 74.9% of plug-in car registrations through 2017.[443][97][446][447][98] Passenger plug-ins increased their market share to 3.5% in 2016, and achieved a record of 5.2% in 2017.[15][98]
As of December 2017, the Outlander PHEV continues to rank as the all-time top selling plug-in electric car with 9,957 units registered.[448] As of December 2016, the Renault Kangoo Z.E. continued as the all-time the leader in the commercial utility EV segment with 1,024 units.[443][97][446][447]
Effective January 2012 Sweden offered subsidies for the purchase and operation of 5,000 electric cars and other 'super green cars' with low/no carbon emissions.[449][353] The program was belatedly renewed through 2015[444] and again for 2016 with the addition of subsidies for electric buses.[450]
Switzerland[edit]
As of April 2016, over 12,000 EVs had been registered since 2012.[33] During the first quarter of 2016, 1,479 EV were registered, consisting of 773 BEV cars (up 37.5% from 1Q 2015), and 706 PHEVs (up 44.1% from 1Q 2015).[451] Registrations of plug-in cars totaled 6,288 units in 2015, up 133.9% from 2,668 in 2014.[452]
Sales of new battery electric vehicles (BEV) rose from 3257 in 2015 to 5139 in 2018. At the first half of 2019, 5938 new BEV were solds, representing 3.8% of the overall sales.[453]
Year | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | SEM 1 2019 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total new BEV registrations | 3257 | 3295 | 4775 | 5139 | 5938 |
% of total new registrations | not available | not available | 1.5% | 1.7% | 3.8% |
Deliveries of the Mitsubishi i MiEV.[454] the Nissan Leaf were launched in 2011.[455][456]
The government offers no subsidies or incentives for purchasing EVs.[457]Cantons can propose special discounts on annual taxes depending on the car's efficiency label and range from 100% rebate (e.g. Solothurn) to 0%.[458]
Taiwan[edit]
Taiwan has a plan to ban all non-electric vehicles in the coming decades, due to concerns over air quality. The plan calls for all new government vehicles and public buses to be electric by 2030, ban sales of nonelectric motorcycles by 2035, andban sales of nonelectric four-wheel vehicles by 2040.[459]
In 2014 a local taxi association purchased over 1,500 electric minivans.[460]
Ukraine[edit]
Nissan Leaf in Kharkiv - EcoTaxi, 2016
As of 1 January 2019, a total of 19,884 plug-in cars and conventional hybrids are registered in Ukraine, consisting of 10,714 plug-ins and 9,170 hybrids.[461] Over the year 2018, the number of electric vehicles increased by 73% (5,557 cars).[462] The EV market share of total new and used cars first registered during 2018 was 2.8% based on 5,557 out of a total of 198,600 first registered cars.[463]
The Ukrainian Government passed a 2019 budget law which extended existing 2018 tax privileges for plug-in cars until 2023.[464] Both new and second hand plug-in BEVs ( without gasoline range extenders) may be imported free of VAT, import duty and excise duty. As a consequence of the law, new cars like for example the Tesla Model 3 can be purchased for a lower price than in any other country in Europe.[465] This has stimulated demand in 2018 and the trend will most likely continue through 2019.
In November 2018 EV imports were almost 250% those of November 2017.[466]
United Kingdom[edit]
Registration of EVs in the UK between January 2011 and December 2018.[109][110][68][467][468][469][470][471]
The REVAi/G-Wiz i electric car charging at an on-street station in London.
More than 212,000 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles had been registered in the UK up until December 2018, including about 10,000 plug-in commercial vans.[67]
As of 18 January 2018, the UK had 19,108 public charging points at 6,703 locations, of which 4,391 were rapid charging points at 1,332 locations.[472]
A surge in plug-in car sales took place beginning in 2014. Total registrations went from 3,586 in 2013, to 37,092 in 2016, and rose to 59,911 in 2018.[110][68][470] The market share of the plug-in segment went from 0.16% in 2013 to 0.59% in 2014, and achieved 2.6% in 2018.[109][68][470]
As of September 2018, the Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEV is the all-time top selling plug-in car in the UK almost 37,000 units registered, followed by the all-electric Nissan Leaf nearly 24,000 units.[67]
Government incentives[edit]
The government offered purchase incentives via the Plug-in Car Grant program beginning in 2011. The program was extended to include vans in February 2012 and in October 2016 to include large electric trucks. As of September 2018, a total of 176,962 eligible cars have benefited with the subsidy since the launch of the Plug-in Car Grant in 2011,[473] and, as of September 2018, the number of claims made through the Plug-in Van Grant scheme totaled 5,218 units since the launch of the programme in 2012.[474] In April 2014 and December 2015, the government extended the program with modifications. Eligible ultra-low emission vehicles (ULEVs) included hydrogen fuel cell vehicles.[475][476][477]
Separately, the government subsidized homeowners to install charge points at home via the 'Electric Vehicle Homecharge Scheme'.[476][477] All-electric vehicles and eligible plug-in hybrids qualify for a 100% discount from the London congestion charge.[478] However, effective from 8 April 2019, the ULED scheme will be replaced with the Cleaner Vehicle Discount, which restrict the discount only to vehicles which are Euro 6, emit up to 75g/km of CO
2 and have a minimum 20 mile zero emission range. A further phase from October 2021 will mean that only zero-emission vehicles (battery electric vehicle and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles) will qualify for the discount, which will be phased out completely from December 2025.[479]
2 and have a minimum 20 mile zero emission range. A further phase from October 2021 will mean that only zero-emission vehicles (battery electric vehicle and hydrogen fuel cell vehicles) will qualify for the discount, which will be phased out completely from December 2025.[479]
United States[edit]
U.S. annual sales of plug-in passenger cars between December 2010 and December 2018.[113][480]
Since the market launch of the Tesla Roadster in 2008, cumulative sales of highway legal plug-in electric passenger cars in the U.S. achieved the one million unit milestone in September 2018.[11][481] The 250,000 unit mark was reached in August 2014,[482] and the 500,000 milestone in August 2016.[34]California is the largest plug-in regional market in the country, with 537,208 plug-in cars sold up until 2018, representing almost half of national sales.[12] The other nine states that follow California Air Resources Board's Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) regulations accounted for another 10%.[483]
The Tesla Model S (front) was the U.S. best selling plug-in car from 2015 to 2017, and the Tesla Model 3 (back) led sales in 2018.[61][484]
A total 157,181 plug-in cars were sold nationwide in 2016, sales rose to 199,818 in 2017, and achieved a record sales volume of 361,307 units in 2018.[61][485] The plug-in segment had a market share of 1.13% in 2017, up from 0.90% in 2016, and rose to 2.1% in 2018.[63][112][485]
As of December 2018, the Chevrolet Voltplug-in hybrid continued to rank as the all-time best selling plug-in electric car with 152,144 units of both generations, followed by the Tesla Model Sall-electric car with about 143,892, and the Tesla Model 3 with 141,546.[61][486][487] The Model S was the best selling plug-in car in the U.S. for three consecutive years, from 2015 to 2017,[484] and the Model 3 topped sales in 2018.[61]
California established a program to reduce air pollution in the 1980s. Under pressure from manufacturers, the program was revised to offer only modest support of zero-emission vehicles to promote research and development, and greater support for partial zero-emissions vehicles (PZEVs). Many manufacturers then terminated their electric car programs.[488] The federal tax credit for new plug-in electric vehicles (PEVs) is worth between US$2,500 and US$7,500 depending on battery capacity.[489][489] Several states have established additional incentives.
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ abcdefghijkCobb, Jeff (2017-01-16). 'The World Just Bought Its Two-Millionth Plug-in Car'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-17.An estimated 2,032,000 highway-legal plug-in passenger cars and vans have been sold worldwide at the end of 2016. The top selling markets are China (645,708 new energy cars, including imports), Europe (638,000 EVs), and the United States (570,187 plug-in cars). The top European country markets are Norway (135,276), the Netherlands (113,636), France (108,065), and the UK (91,000). Total Chinese sales of domestically produced new energy vehicles, including buses and truck, totaled 951,447 vehicles. China was the top selling EV market in 2016, and also has the world's largest stock of plug-in cars.
- ^ abcdefghInternational Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (June 2017). 'Global EV Outlook 2017: Two million and counting'(PDF). IEA Publications. Retrieved 2018-01-20.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)See pp. 5â7, 12â22, 27â28, and Statistical annex, pp. 49â51.
- ^ abCoren, Michael J. (2019-01-25). 'E-nough? Automakers may have completely overestimated how many people want electric cars'. Quartz. Retrieved 2019-01-25.
The plug-in electric car segment represented just about 1 out of every 250 vehicles on the world's roads by the end of 2018
A rate of 1/250 translates into 0.40% of all vehicles on the world's roads. - ^ abcVaughan, Adam (2017-12-25). 'Electric and plug-in hybrid cars whiz past 3m mark worldwide'. The Guardian. Retrieved 2018-01-20. 'The number of fully electric and plug-in hybrid cars on the worldâs roads passed the 3 million mark in November 2017.'
- ^ abcWatson, Frank (2019-02-11). 'December global electric vehicle sales set new record: S&P Global Platts data'. S&P Global Platts. London. Retrieved 2019-02-11.
At the end of 2018, some 5.3 million plug-in EVs were on the road
- ^ abcdefgJose, Pontes (2019-01-31). 'Global Top 20 - December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-31. 'Global sales totaled 2,018,247 plug-in passenger cars in 2018, with a BEV:PHEV ratio of 69:31, and a market share of 2.1%. The world's top selling plug-in car was the Tesla Model 3, and Tesla was the top selling manufacturer of plug-in passenger cars in 2018'.
- ^ abStaff (February 2017). 'Global Plug-in Sales for 2016'. EV-Volumes.com. Retrieved 2017-02-05.
- ^ abcdeStaff (January 2018). 'Global Plug-in Sales for 2017-Q4 and the Full Year (prelim.)'. EVvolumes.com. Retrieved 2018-02-17.Global registrations totaled around 1.2 million units in 2017, 57 % higher than 2016. These include all global BEV and PHEV passenger cars sales, light trucks in USA/Canada and light commercial vehicle in Europe. In 2017, 66 % of sales were pure electric (BEV) and 34 % were plug-in hybrids (PHEV). The segment market share was 1.3%, and in December the global plug-in share touched the 2 % mark for the first time.
- ^ abHertzke, Patrick; Müller, Nicolai; Schenk, Stephanie; Wu, Ting (May 2018). 'The global electric-vehicle market is amped up and on the rise'. McKinsey & Company. Retrieved 2019-01-27.See Exhibit 1: Global electric-vehicle sales, 2010-17.
- ^ abAutomotive News China (2018-10-23). 'China's electrified vehicle fleet tops 2.21 million'. Automotive News China. Retrieved 2018-10-21.
Chinaâs fleet of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids topped 2.21 million by the end of September as sales of electrified vehicles continued to surge in the country. Of the total, EVs accounted for 1.78 million, or nearly 81 percent. The rest were plug-in hybrids, Chinaâs Ministry of Public Security said this week. Electrified cargo vehicles -- which include trucks, pickups and delivery vans -- approached 254,000, representing 11 percent of the electrified vehicle fleet as of last month.
- ^ abcKane, Mark (2018-10-06). 'Plug-In Electric Cars Sales In U.S. Surpass 1 Million'. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
- ^ ab'Veloz: 2018 banner year for EV sales in California; up 84% from 2017; 312% increase from January to December'. VELOZ. Green Car Congress. 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-23.Cumulative sales in California totaled 537,208 units between 2011 and 2018.
- ^ ab'Electric cars exceed 1m in Europe as sales soar by more than 40%'. The Guardian. 2018-08-26. Retrieved 2018-10-23.
- ^ abcdNorsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association) (January 2019). 'Norwegian EV market'. Norsk Elbilforening. Retrieved 2019-01-10.Place the pointing device over the graph to show the cumulative number of electric vehicles and plug-in hybrids in Norway at the end of each year. As of 31 December 2018, the registered light-duty plug-in electric stock totaled 296,214 units, consisting of 200,192 battery electric vehicles and 96,022 plug-in hybrids.
- ^ abcdefgCobb, Jeff (2017-01-17). 'Top 10 Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries of 2016'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-01-23.
- ^ abcdeNorwegian Road Federation (OFV) (2019-01-02). 'Bilsalget i 2018' [Car sales in 2018] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2019-01-04.
- ^ abcdKane, Mark (2018-10-07). '10% Of Norway's Passenger Vehicles Are Plug Ins'. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
- ^ abcdefghijInternational Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2016). 'Global EV Outlook 2016: Beyond one million electric cars'(PDF). IEA Publications. Retrieved 2016-08-24.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)See pp. 4-5, and 24-25 and Statistical annex, pp. 34-37.
- ^Clark, Pilita; Campbell, Peter (2016-08-31). 'Motor Industry: Pressure on the Pump'. Financial Times. Retrieved 2016-09-30.
- ^Justin Gerdes (2012-05-11). 'The Global Electric Vehicle Movement: Best Practices From 16 Cities'. Forbes. Retrieved 2014-10-20.
- ^ abcdArgonne National Laboratory, United States Department of Energy (2016-03-28). 'Fact#918: March 28, 2016 - Global Plug-in Light Vehicles Sales Increased By About 80% in 2015'. Office of Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy. Retrieved 2016-03-29.
- ^ abKlippenstein, Matthew (2014-04-08). 'One Percent Of Norway's Cars Are Already plug-ins'. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2016-10-31.
- ^ abcdefghiJose Pontes (2018-01-18). 'China December 2017'. EV Sales. Retrieved 2018-01-19. Sales of plug-in electric cars in China, including imports, totaled 600,174 units in 2017.
- ^ abcJose, Pontes (2018-01-29). 'World Top 20 December 2017 (Updated)'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2018-02-17. 'Global sales totaled 1,224,103 plug-in cars in 2017, with a market share of over 1%.'
- ^Quiroga, Tony (August 2009). 'Driving the Future'. Car and Driver. Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., Inc. p. 52.
- ^Sherry Boschert (2006). PHEVs: The Cars that will Recharge America. New Society Publishers, Gabriola Island, Canada. ISBN978-0-86571-571-4.
- ^'Tesla Motors hands keys to 100th Roadster owner'. The Mercury News. 2008-12-10. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
- ^Cobb, Jeff (2014-12-10). 'Retrospective: Four Years of Nissan Leaf and Chevy Volt'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-10-01.
- ^International Energy Agency, Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (March 2015). 'Global EV Outlook 2015'(PDF). Clean Energy Ministerial. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2015-04-02. Retrieved 2015-03-14.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)The EV Outlook 2015 figures include only passenger EVs and SUVs (excludes light-weight utility vehicles)Archived 2015-04-02 at the Wayback Machine and total sales/registrations figures correspond to the 16 EVI countries, which are estimated to represent 95% of the global PEV stock. As of December 2014, the Japanese stock of EVs totaled 108,241 units, and China had about 36,500 BEV buses.
- ^Jeff Cobb (2015-09-16). 'One Million Global Plug-In Sales Milestone Reached'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-10-10.
- ^ abCobb, Jeff (2016-05-11). 'China Reports 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle Sold'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-12.As of March 2016, a total of 502,572 new energy vehicles have been sold in China since 2011, consisting of 366,219 BEV vehicles (72.9%) and 136,353 PHEVs (27.1%). Sales since 2011 includes heavy-duty commercial vehicles such buses and sanitation trucks, and only accounts for vehicles manufactured in the country.
- ^Cobb, Jeff (2016-05-09). 'Norway Is Fourth Country To Register 100,000 Plug-in Cars'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-05-09.As of April 2016, the United States is the leading country market with a stock of about 450,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with around 300,000 units sold since 2011, followed by Japan with about 150,000 plug-in units sold since 2009, both through March 2016. European sales are led by Norway with over 100,000 units registered by the end of April 2016.
- ^ abcCobb, Jeff (2016-06-15). 'Europe Buys Its 500,000th Plug-in Vehicle'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-06-15.As of May 2016, cumulative sales by country are led by the United States with a stock of more than 460,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles delivered since 2008. China ranks second with almost 390,000 units sold since 2011. Europe is the largest regional market with more than 500,000 plug-in passenger cars and vans registered through May 2016.
- ^ abCobb, Jeff (2016-09-01). 'Americans Buy Their Half-Millionth Plug-in Car'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-02.See other figures in graphs.
- ^Cobb, Jeff (2016-09-28). 'China Buys Half-Millionth Passenger Plug-in Car; On Track To Surpass US'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-09-28.Sales of new energy vehicles totaled 689,447 units between 2011 and August 2016. Cumulative sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 493,290 units between 2010 and August 2016.
- ^Shahan, Zachary (2016-11-22). '1 Million Pure EVs Worldwide: EV Revolution Begins!'. Clean Technica. Retrieved 2016-11-23.
- ^ abcdefCobb, Jeff (2016-10-10). 'France Becomes Fifth Nation To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-10-10.
- ^ abFoucaud, Isabelle (2016-10-01). 'Plus de 100.000 véhicules électriques circulent aujourd'hui en France' [More than 100,000 electric vehicles currently on the road in France]. Le Figaro (in French). Retrieved 2016-10-10.Environment Minister, Ségolène Royal, announced during the 2016 Paris Motor Show that there are more than 100,000 electric vehicles currently on French roads.
- ^ abcCobb, Jeff (2016-11-17). 'The Netherlands Becomes Sixth Country To Buy 100,000 Plug-in Vehicles'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-11-18.
- ^McCarthy, Niall. 'Netherlands Top For Electric Vehicle Charger Density [Infographic]'. Forbes. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^Szczesny, Joseph (2018-12-11). 'Sales of Electric Vehicles Growing Steadily in California'. The Detroit Bureau. Retrieved 2018-12-13.
- ^Deloitte UK (2019-01-21). '21 million more electric vehicles expected worldwide by 2030'. Deloitte Touche Tohmatsu Limited (Press release). UK. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
2018 a record year for electric vehicles as two million units sold globally
- ^Jian, Yang (2019-01-28). 'Now we know who is really buying electric vehicles in China'. Autonews. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
In 2018, electrified-vehicle sales in China for the first time topped 1 million, reaching 1.26 million
- ^ ab'EV-Volumes - The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database'. www.ev-volumes.com. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^'Global EV Outlook 2019'. www.iea.org. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^Loveday, Steven. 'Monthly Plug-In EV Sales Scorecard'. InsideEVs. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^Routley, Nick (2019-03-16). 'Visualizing EV Sales Around the World'. Visual Capitalist. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^'EV-Volumes - The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database'. www.ev-volumes.com. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^Schmidt, Bridie (2019-02-13). 'There are now 5.6 million electric cars on the road, up 64% from last year'. The Driven. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^'Electric Cars Hit Record In Norway, Making Up Nearly 60 Percent Of Sales In March'. NPR.org. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^'EV-Volumes - The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database'. www.ev-volumes.com. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^Kane, Mark. 'Plug-In EV Car Market Share In Iceland Is Now 22%'. InsideEVs. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^'Electric Vehicle Charging Posts in China Surpass 1 Million as of June'. interestingengineering.com. 2019-07-15. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^'EV-Volumes - The Electric Vehicle World Sales Database'. www.ev-volumes.com. Retrieved 2019-09-02.
- ^Kane, Mark. 'US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: June 2019'. InsideEVs. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
- ^'China Electric Vehicle Sales Up To 5.4% Market Share'. CleanTechnica. 2019-06-03. Retrieved 2019-09-07.
- ^ abcdefghijklmInternational Energy Agency (IEA), Clean Energy Ministerial, and Electric Vehicles Initiative (EVI) (May 2018). 'Global EV Outlook 2017: 3 million and counting'(PDF). IEA Publications. Retrieved 2019-01-21.CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)See pp. 9â10, 19â23, 29â28, and Statistical annex, pp. 107â113.
- ^ abc'China's new energy PV wholesale volume in 2018 shoots up 83% year on year'. Gasgoo. 2019-01-11. Retrieved 2019-01-21.Sales of new energy passenger cars totaled 1,016,002 units in 2018.The BAIC EC series ranked as China's top selling plug-in car in 2018 with 90,637 units delivered.
- ^ abcdefAutomotive News China (2018-01-16). 'Electrified vehicle sales surge 53% in 2017'. Automotive News China. Retrieved 2018-01-19.Chinese sales of domestically-built new energy vehicles in 2017 totaled 777,000, consisting of 652,000 all-electric vehicles and 125,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles. Sales of domestically-produced new energy passenger vehicles totalled 579,000 units, consisting of 468,000 all-electric cars and 111,000 plug-in hybrids. Only domestically built all-electric vehicles, plug-in hybrids and fuel cell vehicles qualify for government subsidies in China.
- ^'China car population reaches 235 million units, Ministry of Public Security'. Gasgoo. 2018-10-18. Retrieved 2019-01-22.The number of passenger cars in use in China totaled 235 million units as of the end of September 2018, of which, 2.21 million units new energy cars
- ^ abcdefgKane, Mark (2019-01-24). 'US Plug-In Electric Car Sales Charted: December 2018'. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24.See Graph: 'Top 10 U.S. Plug-in cars (cumulative sales)' and 'U.S. Plug-in Car Sales (cumulative)'
- ^Cobb, Jeff (2017-01-11). 'America's Plug-in Car Sales Were Their Best Ever in 2016'. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2017-01-12.Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units, up 37.6% from 2015 (114,248). The plug-in car segment achieved an all-time high market share of 0.90% of new car sales in 2016. As of December 2016, cumulative sales totaled 570,187 plug-in cars since 2008, with the Chevrolet Volt as the all-time best selling plug-in car with 113,489 units.
- ^ abcCobb, Jeff (2018-01-04). 'December 2017 Dashboard'. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2018-01-21.Plug-in electric car sales in the U.S. totaled 194,479 units in 2017, consisting of 104,487 all-electric cars and 89,992 plug-in hybrids. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 1.13% of new car sales.
- ^ abcdOpplysningsrådet for Veitrafikken AS (OFV). 'Bilsalget i 2017' [Car sales in 2017] (in Norwegian). OFV. Retrieved 2018-01-11.A total of 71,737 plug-in electric vehicles were registered in Norway in 2017, consisting of: 33,025 new electric cars, 8,558 used imported all-electric cars, 29,236 new plug-in hybrid cars, 742 new all-electric vans, and 176 used imported all-electric vans.
- ^Haugneland, Petter (2019-01-14). 'Over 200.000 elbiler i Norge' [More than 200,000 electric cars in Norway] (in Norwegian). Norsk Elbilforening (Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association). Retrieved 2019-01-21. As of 31 December 2018, out of registered fleet of 2.72 million passenger cars, 7.17% are all-electric cars and 3.53% are plug-in hybrid cars (10.70% are plug-in electric cars). In addition, all-electric vans represent 1.1% of all registered vans in the country.
- ^ abcPontes, Jose (2019-01-29). 'Japan December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-29.
- ^ abcdLane, Ben (January 2019). 'Electric car market statistics'. UK: Next Green Car. Retrieved 2019-01-17.As of 31 December 2018, the total UK light-duty electric fleet totals 212,000 plug-in electric vehicles, consisting of about 102,000 plug-in cars and 10,000 plug-in electric commercial vans. This figure includes a significant number of registered plug-in electric cars and vans which were not eligible for the grant schemes.
- ^ abcdefSociety of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2019-01-07). 'December â EV registrations'. SMMT. Retrieved 2019-01-17.Registrations in 2018 totaled 59,911 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 15,474 all-electric cars and 44,437 plug-in hybrids. The all-electric market share was 0.7% in 2018 and for plug-in hybrids was 1.9%.
- ^ abcdEuropean Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (November 2018). 'ACEA Report: Vehicles in use Europe 2018'(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2019-01-21.See table 'VEHICLES IN USE BY FUEL TYPE - Passenger cars', pp. 12.
- ^ abcdFrance Mobilité Ãlectrique - AVERE France (2017-01-09). 'Plus de 27 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en 2016, après un mois de décembre record' [More than 27,000 electric vehicles registered in 2016, after a record month of December] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2017-01-09. A total of 33,774 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in France in 2016 consisting of 27,751 BEV cars, 5,556 electric utility vans and 6,467 PHEV cars. The EV segment achieved a market share of 1.40% of new car registrations in the country in 2016.
- ^ abcdefgFrance Mobilité Ãlectrique - AVERE France (2018-01-09). 'Près de 31 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2017 !' [Nearly 31,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2017!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2018-01-17. A total of 41,724 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2017 consisting of 24,910 all-electric cars, 6,011 electric utility vans and 10,803 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 1.98% of new car registrations in the country in 2017.
- ^ abcdeFrance Mobilité Ãlectrique - AVERE France (2019-01-09). 'Baromètre annuel : près de 40 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés en France en 2018 !' [Annual barometer: nearly 40,000 electric vehicles registered in France in 2018!] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2019-01-18. A total of 53,745 light-duty plug-in electric vehicles were registered in France in 2018 consisting of 31,055 all-electric cars plus 1,148 REx vehicles, 8,103 electric utility vans, and 13,439 plug-in hybrid cars. The plug-in car segment achieved a market share of 2.1% of new car registrations in the country in 2018. Includes revised figures for 2017
- ^ abcdefghKraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (2018-01-12). 'Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2017' [New Registrations Barometer December 2017] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2018-01-12.A total of 29,436 plug-in hybrids and 25,056 all-electric cars were registered in Germany in 2017.
- ^ abcdefghKraftfahrt-Bundesamt (KBA) (January 2019). 'Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2018' [New registration barometer in December 2018] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2019-01-14.Click on Kraftstoffarten for the market shares by fuel: Electric was 1.0% in 2018, and plug-in hybrid was 0.9%
- ^ abcdef'Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands (up to and including January 2019)'(PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -. RVO. February 2019. Retrieved 2019-02-08.As of 31 December 2018, there were 145,882 highway legal light-duty plug-in electric vehicles registered in the Netherlands, consisting of 97,702 plug-in hybrids, 44,984 pure electric cars, and 3,196 all-electric light utility vans. With a total of 24,273 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2018, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 12,990 units registered.
- ^ abcdKlippenstein, Matthew (2018-10-10). 'Subsidy's swansong: Canadian plug-in sales take a dip'. Green Car Reports. Retrieved 2019-01-21.Click on the graph for details about sales volume and market share by year
- ^ abcdeBil Sweden (2019-01-07). 'Nyregistreringar december 2018 (def)' [Definitive new registrations December 2018 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2018-01-20.Download the pdf file 'PressRel1812_DEF.pdf' See tables: 'Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2018', 'Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2018' and 'Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell' - A total of 29,909 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2018, consisting of 22,074 plug-in hybrids, 7,078 all-electric cars, and 757 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 379,393 units in 2017, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 8.2%.
- ^ abcdEuropean Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2019-02-07). 'New Passenger Car Registrations By Fuel Type In The European Union: Quarter 4 2018'(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2019-02-07.See tables: 'Battery Electric Vehicles (BEV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA' and 'Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) - New Passenger Car Registrations By Market In The EU + EFTA' A total of 201,284 BEVs were registered in EU + EFTA region in 2018, and 135,775 in 2017. A total of 182,768 PHEVs were registered in 2018, and 153,297 in 2017. Combines sales of BEVs and PHEVs totaled 384,052 passenger cars in 2018, and 289,072 in 2017.
- ^ abcFrance Mobilité Ãlectrique - AVERE France (2018-01-23). 'En 2017, près de 150 000 véhicules électriques immatriculés à travers l'Europe' [Almost 150,000 electric vehicles registered across Europe in 2017] (in French). AVERE. Retrieved 2018-02-25.Registrations of new light-duty all-electric vehicles totaled 149,086 cars and vans in 2017 (excluding range-extender models), of which 132,687 units were passenger cars.
- ^ abcJose, Pontes (2019-01-28). 'Europe December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-28. 'European light commercial vehicles (vans) sales totaled about 22,000 units. The market share of the plug-in passenger car segment was 2.5%'
- ^ abcdeCalifornia New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2019). 'New Vehicle Registrations Remained Above 2 million Units in 2018'(PDF). CNCDA. Retrieved 2019-02-21.See section: 'Electric Vehicle Registrations Increased Sharply in 2018' - Figures for 2017 were revised. Shows registrations between 2014 and 2018.
- ^ abChina Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2015-01-14). 'The sales and production of new energy vehicles boomed'. CAAM. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
- ^ abChina Association of Automobile Manufacturers (2012-01-16). '5,579 electric cars sold in China in 2011'. Wind Energy and Electric Vehicle Review. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
- ^ abCars21.com (2013-02-13). 'EV sales increase 103.9% in China in 2012- Electric China Weekly No 17'. Cars21.com. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
- ^ abJiang Xueqing (2014-01-11). 'New-energy vehicles 'turning the corner''. China Daily. Retrieved 2014-01-12.
- ^ abChina Association of Automobile Manufacturers (CAAM) (2016-01-20). 'New energy vehicles enjoyed a high-speed growth'. CAAM. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
- ^ abcdef'ä¸æ±½åï¼2018å¹´æ°è½æºæ±½è½¦äº§éåè¶ 125ä¸è¾ï¼åæ¯å¢é¿60%' [China Automobile Association: In 2018, the production and sales of new energy vehicles exceeded 1.25 million units, a year-on-year increase of 60%] (in Chinese). D1EV.com. 2019-01-14. Retrieved 2019-01-15.Chinese sales of new energy vehicles in 2018 totaled 1.256 million, consisting of 984,000 all-electric vehicles and 271,000 plug-in hybrid vehicles.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2017-01-31). 'Markets Roundup December 2016 (Special Edition)'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2017-02-08.For countries with top PEV market share in 2016 see 'II. Engines of Growth: By EV share - Hong Kong ~5%, Iceland 4.6%, Switzerland 1.8%, Belgium 1.8, and 1.6% Austria.
- ^Cobb, Jeff (2016-01-18). 'Top Six Plug-in Vehicle Adopting Countries â 2015'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-01-23.About 520,000 highway legal light-duty plug-in vehicles were sold worldwide in 2015, with cumulative global sales reaching 1,235,000. The United States is currently the leading market, with 411,120 units sold since 2008, followed by China, with 258,328 units sold since 2011. Japan ranks third (about 130,000), followed by the Netherlands (88,991), Norway (77,897), France (74,291), and the UK (53,254). Four of these countries achieved a PEV market share over 1% of new car sales in 2015: Norway (22.39%), the Netherlands (9.74%), France (1.2%), and the UK (1.1%)
- ^Jose, Pontes (2016-02-03). 'Markets Roundup December 2015 (Special Edition)'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.For countries with top PEV market share in 2015 see 'Engines of Growth:' Hong Kong 4.84%, Denmark 2.29%, and Switzerland 1.98%.
- ^ abcJeff Cobb (2015-02-18). 'Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries â 2014'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2015-02-18.
- ^Zachary Shahan (2013-03-07). 'Electric vehicle market share in 19 countries'. ABB Conversations. Retrieved 2014-04-12.
- ^ abcdefEuropean Alternative Fuels Observatory (eafo) (February 2018). 'PEV (M1) market share in Europe'. eafo. Retrieved 2018-02-26.The plug-in passenger car market share in Europe was 1.74%, corresponding to 0.93% for plug-in hybrids and 0.81% for all-electric cars. Put the mouse over the bar graph to see market share by year.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2016-01-29). 'Iceland December 2015'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
- ^Jose Pontes (2015-02-06). 'Markets Roundup December 2014 (Special Edition)'. EV Sales. Retrieved 2015-03-15. See section 'Engines of Growth - by EV share' Estonia's market shared in 2014 climbed to 1.57% from 0.68% in 2013. Iceland's market share grew from 0.21% in 2012, to 0.94% in 2013, to 2.71% in 2014.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2019-01-17). 'Iceland December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
- ^ abcdeBil Sweden (2015-01-02). 'Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)' [New registrations in December 2014 (preliminar)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015-01-03.Download file 'Nyregistreringar december 2014 (prel)' see tables: 'Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2014' with summary of passenger EV registrations by model for 2013 (revised) and 2014; table 'Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell:' for plug-in utility vans registrations for the same two years; and table 'Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ jan-dec 2014' for the distribution of registrations by alternative fuels. A total of 303,866 new passenger vehicles were registered in 2014, and a total of 4,656 super clean cars, resulting in a PEV market share of 1.53% of new car sales.
- ^ abcdeBil Sweden (2018-01-08). 'Definitiva nyregistreringar under 2017' [Definitive new registrations in 2017] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2018-01-31.Download the pdf file 'PressRel1712_DEF.pdf' See tables: 'Nyregistrerade supermiljöbilar december 2017', 'Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2017' and 'Nyregistrerade eldrivna lätta lastbilar (högst 3,5 ton) per modell' - A total of 19,981 light-duty plug-in vehicles were registered in 2017, consisting of 15,447 plug-in hybrids, 4,217 all-electric cars, and 317 all-electric vans. Passenger car registrations totaled 379,393 units in 2017, of which, the plug-in segment captured a market share of 5.2%. Registrations of super green cars totaled 19,211 units, up from 12,995 in 2016. Table 'Nyregistrerade miljöbilar per typ december 2017' reports 2017 figures that do not add up with detailed count in table 'Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2017' so, plug-in cars figures were taken from the latter.
- ^ abcdef'Statistics Electric Vehicles in the Netherlands'(PDF). Rijksdienst voor Ondernemend Nederland (RVO) - Dutch National Office for Enterprising -. RVO. January 2018. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2018-01-17. Retrieved 2018-01-16.With a total of 25,134 Mitsubishi Outlander P-HEVs registered by the end of December 2017, the plug-in hybrid is the all-time top selling plug-in electric vehicle in the Netherlands. The Tesla Model S is the best selling all-electric car with 8,028 units registered.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2019-01-09). 'Finland December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-17.
- ^ abJeff Cobb (2014-01-16). 'Top 6 Plug-In Vehicle Adopting Countries'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-01-18.
Over 172,000 highway-capable passenger vehicles have been sold in the U.S. between 2008 and December 2013.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2016-01-12). 'China December 2015 (3rd Update)'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2016-02-08.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2019-01-22). 'China December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-22.
- ^http://aca.ad/imaca/informe/informe-imaca-2016.pdf
- ^Pontes, Jose (2019-01-24). 'Portugal December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
- ^https://insideevs.com/news/345733/in-march-75-of-cars-sold-in-switzerland-were-plug-ins/
- ^Statistik Austria (2016-03-16). 'Kraftfahrzeuge - Neuzulassungen: Neuzulassungen nach Jahren' [Motor vehicles - registrations: Registrations by year] (in German). Statistik Austria. Retrieved 2016-03-20.Download the file 'Kfz-Neuzulassungen Jänner bis Dezember 2015.' A total of 2,778 passenger plug-in cars were sold in Austria in 2015 out of 308,555 passenger cars, resulting in a market share of 0.90% (see pp. 78 PDF version).
- ^Pontes, Jose (2019-01-24). 'Austria December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-24.
- ^ abcSociety of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2015-01-07). 'December 2014 â EV registrations'. SMT. Retrieved 2015-01-08.A total of 14,518 plug-in cars were registered during 2014, consisting of 6,697 BEVs and 7,821 PHEVs, up from 3,586 plug-in cars were registered in 2013. A total of 2,476,435 new cars were registered in 2014.
- ^ abcSociety of Motor Manufacturers and Traders (SMMT) (2018-01-05). 'December â EV registrations'. SMMT. Retrieved 2018-01-11.Registrations in 2017 totaled 47,263 plug-in electric vehicles consisting of 13,597 all-electric cars and 33,6663 plug-in hybrids. Of these, a total of 45,187 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 127,509 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2017. A total of 2,540,617 new cars were registered in 2017, resulting in a plug-in electric car market share of 1.86% of new car sales.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2019-01-04). 'Belgium December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
- ^ abIrle, Roland. 'USA Plug-in Sales for 2018 Full Year'. EV-volumes.com. Retrieved 20 January 2019.
- ^ abCobb, Jeff (2016-01-06). 'December 2015 Dashboard'. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2016-03-14.
- ^Jeff Cobb (2015-01-06). 'December 2014 Dashboard'. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2015-01-06.
- ^Jose Pontes (2015-01-10). 'Denmark December 2014'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2015-03-15.
Denmark's PEV market shared in 2014 was 0.88% of total new car sales.
- ^Jose, Pontes (2019-01-16). 'Denmark December 2018'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2019-01-21.
- ^ abcKraftfahrt-Bundesamtes (KBA) (January 2016). 'Neuzulassungsbarometer im Dezember 2015' [New Registrations Barometer December 2015] (in German). KBA. Retrieved 2015-01-21.A total of 23,464 plug-in cars registered in Germany during 2015, consisting of 12,363 BEV cars and 11,101 PHEVs.
- ^ abHall, Larry E. (2016-10-07). 'German Plug-in Car Sales Surge Past 1 Percent For First Time in September'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2016-10-07.
- ^https://www.simi.ie/en/motorstats/quarterly-report
- ^ abJose Pontes (2018-02-02). 'Japan December 2017'. EV Sales. Retrieved 2018-02-17.About 56,000 plug-in electric cars were sold in Japan in 2017.
- ^ abc'Monthly electric and hybrid light vehicle tables'. Ministry of Transport New Zealand. Retrieved 2019-05-03.
- ^California New Car Dealers Association (CNCDA) (February 2016). 'California New Vehicle Registrations Expected to Remain Above 2 Million Units in 2016'(PDF). CNCDA. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-02-17. Retrieved 2016-02-17.Registrations through December 2015 since 2011. Revised figures for 2014.
- ^LeSage, Jon (2016-02-06). 'Renault Zoe Ekes By Mitsubishi Outlander in 2016 European Plug-in Sales'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2017-02-06.
- ^Automotive Industry Data (AID) (2016-02-15). 'PHEVs - Take off or transitory blip?'. AID Newsletter. Retrieved 2016-02-19.Market share only includes Western European countries. A total of 95,140 PHEV cars were sold in Europe in 2015.
- ^Staff (February 2016). 'Europe Plug-in Sales Q4 and Full Year 2015'. EVvolumes.com. Retrieved 2016-02-19.
- ^International Council on Clean Transportation (ICCT) (2014). 'European Vehicle Market Statistics Pocketbook'(PDF). ICCT. Retrieved 2016-02-21.See page 88: EU-28 market share in 2013 was 0.42% (includes BEV cars and PHEVs). Adjusted to consider sales/registrations in Norway (5.79%) and Switzerland (0.57%) the market share rises to 0.49%.
- ^ ab'EV Sales'.
- ^Philippe Schwoerer (2015-01-09). 'Quel marché espérer en 2015 pour le véhicule électrique ?' [What the market expects in 2015 for the electric vehicle] (in French). Association pour l'Avenir du Véhicule Electrique Méditerranéen (AVEM). Retrieved 2015-02-01.The BMW i3 with range extender is often excluded of the count of BEV cars because in France it is classified and accounted together with conventional hybrids.
- ^'The Most Environmentally Friendly Country for Electric Cars May Surprise You'. Inverse. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- ^Coren, Michael J. 'The best and worst countries for emissions from electric cars'. Quartz. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- ^ ab'Albanian Police equipped with Electric Cars - DigitalSpoiler'. digitalspoiler.com. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- ^'Switching the Fleet to Electric Vehicles - Saytaxi Albania Success Story - White label apps for your taxi or limo company'. White label apps for your taxi or limo company. 2017-04-26. Retrieved 2018-05-18.
- ^ abTimes, Tirana (2017-10-31). 'Tirana conducts tests to launch public transport electric buses'. Tirana Times. Retrieved 2018-06-12.
- ^'Mitsubishi i-MiEV headed to Australia: becomes country's first manufacturer-produced EV'. AutoblogGreen. 2010-06-09. Retrieved 2010-06-19.
- ^Jose Pontes (2014-01-18). 'Australia December 2013'. EVSales.com. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
- ^Mat Gasnier (2014-01-16). 'Australia Q4 2013: Jeep Grand Cherokee shines'. Best Selling Cars Blog. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
- ^Pontes, Jose (2015-01-15). 'Australia Full Year 2014 (Updated)'. EV Sales. Retrieved 2015-01-15. Tesla Model S sales estimate is too low, see next source.
- ^'Global Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV Sales Pass the 100,000 Mark' (Press release). UK: Mitsubishi Motors UK. 2016-05-19. Archived from the original on 2016-06-24. Retrieved 2016-05-22. As of March 2016, a total of 65,529 units have been sold in Europe (21,052 in the UK and 44,477 in the rest of Europe), 33,730 in Japan, 2,015 in Australia and 259 in the rest of the world, for a total of 101,533 units sold worldwide.
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- ^ abcdBil Sweden (2016-01-04). 'Nyregistreringar december 2015 def' [New Registrations December 2015 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2016-04-15.Download the pdf file 'Nyregistreringar december 2015 def' (PressRel1512_def.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2015. A total of 5,625 PHEVs, 2,962 BEV cars and 321 BEV vans were registered in 2015, for a total of 8,908 light-duty EVs. Passenger car registrations totaled 345,108 units in 2015. Figures for 2014 were revised.
- ^ abcBil Sweden (2015-10-02). 'Urstark bilmarknad under 2014' [Exceptionally strong car market in 2014] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2015-02-22.A total of 4,656 super clean cars and 282 BEV vans were registered in Sweden in 2014. Super clean cars are those with carbon dioxide emissions of up to 50 g/km (two Porsche plug-in models, the Panamera S E-Hybrid and the 918 Spyder are not accounted as super clean cars, instead they are accounted with conventional hybrids). In 2011 there were 181 EVs registered, 928 in 2012, 1,546 in 2013 and 4,656 super clean cars were registered during 2014. Since the introduction of the super clean car rebate in January 2012 until December 2014, a total of 7,130 super clean cars have been registered.
- ^ abBil Sweden (2014-01-02). 'Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel' [New registrations in December 2013 prel] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2014-01-03. Download file 'Nyregistreringar december 2013 prel.pdf' see table 'NYREGISTRERADE SUPERMILJÃBILAR DECEMBER 2013' with summary of PEV sales by model for 2013 and 2012.
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- ^ abcdBil Sweden (2016-01-04). 'Nyregistreringar december 2016 def' [New Registrations December 2016 (final)] (in Swedish). Bil Sweden. Retrieved 2016-04-15.Download the pdf file 'Nyregistreringar december 2016 def' (PressRel1612_DEF.pdf) See table: Nyregistrerade miljöpersonbilar december 2016 (def). A total of 10,257 PHEVs, 2,924 BEV cars and 273 BEV vans were registered in 2016, for a total of 13,454 light-duty EVs. Passenger car registrations totaled 372,318 units in 2016. Registrations of super green cars totaled 12,995 units, up from 8,582 in 2015. Figures for 2015 were revised.
- ^'Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV clears 100,000 sales milestone in Europe'. JATO Dynamics (Press release). Tokyo: Mitsubishi Motors. 2018-01-29. Retrieved 2018-02-01.
- ^Desk, Lifestyle (2011-09-08). 'Sweden Follows Suit with Electric Car Subsidy'. The Global Herald. Archived from the original on 17 October 2011. Retrieved 13 September 2011.
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- ^European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (2016-04-29). 'New Passenger Car Registrations by Alternative Fuel Type in the European Union - Quarter 1 2016'(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2016-06-21.A total of 47,685 new passenger EVs were sold in the European Union and two EFTA countries, consisting of 23,717 BEV cars and 23,868 PHEVs (See tables pp. 2 and 3). Light-duty utility vans are not included.
- ^European Automobile Manufacturers Association (ACEA) (February 2016). 'New Passenger Car Registrations By Alternative Fuel Type In The European Union Quarter 4 2015'(PDF). ACEA. Retrieved 2016-02-08.See table Electric Vehicles: Total Europe (EU+EFTA), 186,170 registered units in 2015 (includes two EFTA countries: Norway and Switzerland). For Denmark and Romania only BEV vehicles are included. Electric Vehicles = BEV vehicles (BEV) + extendedârange electric vehicles (EREV) + plugâin hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV) + fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEV).
- ^'ACEA - European Automobile Manufacturers' Association'. www.acea.be. Retrieved 2019-08-28.
- ^Vereinigung Scheweizer Automobil-Importeure (2012-10-15). 'Personenwagen nach Modellen - Modellstatistik Personenwagen 2012/2011' [Passenger cars by model - Statistic by model cars in 2012/211] (in German). Auto Schweiz. Archived from the original on 2013-08-13. Retrieved 2012-10-17.Download files ModellePW2012.xls and ModellePWQuartal2011.xls.
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- ^Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (7 January 2016). 'December 2015 â EV registrations'. SMT. Retrieved 2016-01-21.A total of 28,188 plug-in cars were registered during 2015, consisting of 9,934 BEVs and 18,254 PHEVs. A total of 2,633,503 new cars were registered in 2015. There have been 47,690 cars registered eligible to the Plug-In Car Grant.
- ^Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (2012-01-06). 'December 2011 â EV and AFV registrations'. SMMT. Retrieved 2012-01-14.A total of 1,082 electric vehicles were registered in the UK in 2011.
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- ^Society of Motor Manufacturers and Traders(SMMT) (5 January 2017). 'December 2016 â EV registrations'. SMT. Retrieved 2017-01-09.
Registrations in 2016 totaled 36,907 EVs consisting of 10,264 BEV cars and 26,643 PHEVs. Of these, a total of 35,447 cars were eligible for the Plug-in Car Grant. Since its launch in 2011, a total of 83,052 cars eligible for the PICG have been registered through December 2016. A total of 2,692,786 new cars were registered in 2016, resulting in a EV market share of 1.37% of new car sales.
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- ^Electric Drive Transportation Association (EDTA) (January 2019). 'Electric Drive Sales Dashboard'. EDTA. Retrieved 2019-01-25.Sales figures sourced from HybridCars.com up to 2017 and direct reports submitted by EDTA member companies
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- ^Jeff Cobb (2014-09-09). 'Americans Buy Their 250,000th Plug-In Car'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2014-09-09.As of August 2014, sales are led by the Chevrolet Volt PHEV with 67,698 units, followed by the Nissan Leaf electric car with 61,063 units. The total of 250,609 units sold includes 1,800 Roadsters, 1,600 Fisker Karmas, and 500 Mini Es usually not captured by most statistics.
- ^California Air Resources Board (CARB) (2017-01-18). 'California's Advanced Clean Cars Midterm Review: Summary Report for the Technical Analysis of the Light Duty Vehicle Standards'(PDF). CARB. Retrieved 2017-01-19.See pp. ES 44.
- ^ abCobb, Jeff (2018-01-22). 'Tesla Quietly Sold 200,000th Model S Last Year'. HybridCars.com. Retrieved 2018-01-22. 'Tesla sold its 200,000 Model S in the fourth quarter of 2017, in October or early November, becoming the second plug-in car to cross this sales threshold after the Nissan Leaf (300,000 units by early 2017). As of December 2017, Tesla reported global sales of 212,874 Model S cars.'
- ^ abCobb, Jeff (2017-01-05). 'December 2016 Dashboard'. HybridCars.com and Baum & Associates. Retrieved 2017-01-06.plug-in car sales in the U.S. totaled 157,181 units, consisting of 84,246 BEV cars and 72,935 PHEVs. The EV segment achieved a market share of 0.90% of new car sales. December sales totaled 23,288 units with a market share of 1.39%. The top selling model in 2016 was the Tesla Model S with 29,156 units sold, followed by the Chevrolet Volt (24,739) and the Tesla Model X (18,028).
- ^Kane, Mark (2019-01-25). 'Top 3 Plug-In Hybrid Cars In U.S. In 2018: Prius Prime, Clarity, Volt'. InsideEVs.com. Retrieved 2019-01-25.The Chevrolet Volt is the best selling plug-in electric car in the U.S. with 152,144 units sold through the end of 2018.
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- ^Erickson, Glenn (10 January 2009). 'DVD Savant Review:Who Killed the Electric Car?'. dvdtalk.com. Retrieved 17 November 2009.. See main article Who killed the electric car
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External links[edit]
- Driving Electrification - A Global Comparison of Fiscal Incentive Policy for Electric Vehicles, International Council on Clean Transportation, May 2014
- Global EV Outlook 2013 - Understanding the Electric Vehicle Landscape to 2020, International Energy Agency (IEA), April 2013
- Hybrid and Electric Vehicles - The Electric Drive Gains Traction (See section C, overview by country), IA-HEV, International Energy Agency, May 2013
- Modernizing vehicle regulations for electrification, International Council on Clean Transportation, October 2018.
- Plug-in Vehicles: A Case Study of Seven Markets (Norway, Netherlands, California, United States, France, Japan, and Germany), UC Davis, October 2014.
- Shades of Green - Electric Cars' Carbon Emissions Around the Globe, Shrink that Footprint, February 2013.
- [permanent dead link] The Norwegian EV success continues, Norwegian Electric Vehicle Association, June 2016.
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